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Scandinavian Journal of Immunology Jun 2011Effective humoral immunity depends on B cells, plasma cells and follicular helper T cells (TFH) and secreted high-affinity antibodies. The differentiation of mature B... (Review)
Review
Effective humoral immunity depends on B cells, plasma cells and follicular helper T cells (TFH) and secreted high-affinity antibodies. The differentiation of mature B cell into plasma cells is ultimately hardwired in a regulatory network of transcription factors. This circuitry is responding to extracellular stimuli, which leads to production of higher-affinity antibodies after germinal centre (GC) reaction. The understanding of the transcriptional regulation of GCs and the initiation of plasma cell differentiation is becoming increasingly clear. It is evident that transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 can drive the plasma cell differentiation, but the initiation of plasma cell differentiation in GCs is likely coupled to the loss of B cell characteristics maintained by transcription factors Pax5 and Bcl6.
Topics: Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Differentiation; Gene Regulatory Networks; Germinal Center; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Plasma Cells; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 21388429
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02556.x -
Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology Aug 2003This article emphasizes both the morphologic and phenotypic features of the bone marrow in plasma cell myeloma. It details the morphologic features of both trephine... (Review)
Review
This article emphasizes both the morphologic and phenotypic features of the bone marrow in plasma cell myeloma. It details the morphologic features of both trephine biopsies and marrow aspirations. It emphasizes the salient phenotypic features of marrow myeloma cells, in contrast with normal plasma cells. The myeloma cell phenotype is discussed from the perspective of both tissue section immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry (FACS analysis). The specific criteria for myeloma diagnosis are discussed and illustrated in Figures 1-12. Finally, the emphasis is on the key morphologic and phenotypic diagnostic criteria of each of the plasma cell neoplasms.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Marrow; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Multiple Myeloma; Phenotype; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 14552432
DOI: 10.1016/s0740-2570(03)00027-3 -
Mediators of Inflammation 2017Monoclonal gammopathies (MG) are classically associated with lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, anemia, and renal insufficiency. However, in some cases, symptoms of... (Review)
Review
Monoclonal gammopathies (MG) are classically associated with lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, anemia, and renal insufficiency. However, in some cases, symptoms of endocrine dysfunction are more prominent than these classical signs and misdiagnosis can thus be possible. This concerns especially the situation where the presence of M-protein is limited and the serum protein electrophoresis (sPEP) appears normal. To understand the origin of the endocrine symptoms associated with MG, we overview here the current knowledge on the complexity of interactions between cytokines and the endocrine system in MG and discuss the perspectives for both the diagnosis and treatments for this class of diseases. We also illustrate the role of major cytokines and growth factors such as IL-6, IL-1, TNF-, and VEGF in the endocrine system, as these tumor-relevant signaling molecules not only help the clonal expansion and invasion of the tumor cells but also influence cellular metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. We further discuss the broader impact of these tumor environment-derived molecules and proinflammatory state on systemic hormone signaling. The diagnostic challenges and clinical work-up are illustrated from the point of view of an endocrinologist.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Endocrine System; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Neoplasms, Plasma Cell; Plasma Cells; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 28740334
DOI: 10.1155/2017/7586174 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral... Feb 1981Two cases of plasma-cell gingivitis identical to those previously reported as so-called "allergic gingivostomatitis" are presented. Glossitis and cheilitis were absent...
Two cases of plasma-cell gingivitis identical to those previously reported as so-called "allergic gingivostomatitis" are presented. Glossitis and cheilitis were absent in the present cases, however. There was no evidence that the lesions were allergic in nature. The distinctive clinical and histologic features of the lesion are described.
Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 6937842
DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(81)90038-4 -
Blood Jul 2021
Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Humans; Male; Neoplasms, Plasma Cell; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 34236424
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012034 -
Journal of Clinical Immunology May 2016Antibody secretion is executed by plasma cells that are generated in the periphery and migrate to the bone marrow to establish a long lived pool. The terminal... (Review)
Review
Antibody secretion is executed by plasma cells that are generated in the periphery and migrate to the bone marrow to establish a long lived pool. The terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells is executed by a network of transcription factors that cross-regulate each other in order to irreversibly promote this transition. While major progress has been made in the understanding the transcriptional activity of the underlying master regulators, much less is known on the metabolic regulation of plasma cell differentiation that is required to support antibody synthesis, folding and secretion at high levels and allow their long-lasting survival. In this review we will address the known cross talks between the transcription and metabolic control of plasma cells and elaborate on the gaps of knowledge in the field.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Cell Differentiation; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Plasma Cells; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 26910101
DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0246-9 -
Blood Apr 2021Plasma cells no longer express a B-cell antigen receptor and are hence deprived of signals crucial for survival throughout B-cell development. Instead, normal plasma... (Review)
Review
Plasma cells no longer express a B-cell antigen receptor and are hence deprived of signals crucial for survival throughout B-cell development. Instead, normal plasma cells, as well as their malignant myeloma counterparts, heavily rely on communication with the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment for survival. The plasma cell heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) syndecan-1 (CD138) and HSPGs in the BM microenvironment act as master regulators of this communication by co-opting specific growth and survival factors from the BM niche. This designates syndecan-1/HSPGs and their synthesis machinery as potential treatment targets in multiple myeloma.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Heparitin Sulfate; Humans; Multiple Myeloma; Plasma Cells; Proteoglycans; Syndecan-1; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 33512430
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008188 -
Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. :... Jun 2013It is well accepted that Ag-induced B cell differentiation often results in the generation of exceptionally long-lived plasma cells. Much of the work supporting this... (Review)
Review
It is well accepted that Ag-induced B cell differentiation often results in the generation of exceptionally long-lived plasma cells. Much of the work supporting this viewpoint stems from studies focused on germinal center-derived plasma cells secreting high-affinity isotype-switched Abs in mice immunized with T cell-dependent Ags. In contrast, less attention has been devoted to understanding Ab responses to T cell-independent Ags and pathogens. In this study, we review recent work showing that T cell-independent Ags consisting of either polysaccharides or LPSs also induce the formation of long-lived plasma cells, despite their general inability to sustain germinal center responses. This new information provides a framework for more fully understanding the forces underlying immunity to pathogens that resist T cell recognition and the extracellular cues governing plasma cell longevity.
Topics: Animals; Antigens; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Plasma Cells; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 23749966
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300161 -
Turkish Journal of Haematology :... Aug 2021
Topics: Flow Cytometry; Immunophenotyping; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 33906332
DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2021.2021.0230 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Plasma cells (PCs), the B lineage cells responsible for producing and secreting antibodies (Abs), are critical cellular components of the humoral immune system. While... (Review)
Review
Plasma cells (PCs), the B lineage cells responsible for producing and secreting antibodies (Abs), are critical cellular components of the humoral immune system. While most of the antibody-secreting cells in the body have a rather short lifetime of a few days, some of them can become long-lived and persist in the body over the entire life span of an individual. The majority of these long-lived plasma cells secretes protective antibodies against pathogens, and are thereby crucial for the humoral component of immunological memory. The generation of these protective antibody-secreting cells can be triggered by an exposure to pathogens, and also by vaccination. Although the majority of plasma cells are protective, sometimes long-lived plasma cells produce autoreactive antibodies, which contribute to the pathogenesis and perpetuation of chronic autoimmune diseases, including lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis. In order to promote the formation of protective antibody-secreting cells and to target pathogenic plasma cells, it is crucial to understand the signals which promote their longevity and allow them to exert their function. In recent years, it has become clear that plasma cells depend on extrinsic factors for their survival, leading to the concept that certain tissue microenvironments promote plasma cell retention and longevity. However, these niches are not static structures, but also have dynamic features with respect to their cellular composition. Here, we review what is known about the molecular and cellular composition of the niches, and discuss the impact of dynamic changes within these microenvironments on plasma cell function. As plasma cell metabolism is tightly linked to their function, we present new tools, which will allow us to analyze metabolic parameters in the plasma cell niches over time.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Bone Marrow; Cell Movement; Cell Survival; Cellular Microenvironment; Disease Susceptibility; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Intestines; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 31068930
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00788