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Plant Science : An International... Feb 2019Plasmodesmata (PD) allow membrane and cytoplasmic continuity between plant cells, and they are essential for intercellular communication and signaling in addition to... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata (PD) allow membrane and cytoplasmic continuity between plant cells, and they are essential for intercellular communication and signaling in addition to metabolite partitioning. Plant pathogens have evolved a variety of mechanisms to subvert PD to facilitate their infection of plant hosts. PD are implicated not only in local spread around infection sites but also in the systemic spread of pathogens and pathogen-derived molecules. In turn, plants have developed strategies to limit pathogen spread via PD, and there is increasing evidence that PD may also be active players in plant defense responses. The last few years have seen important advances in understanding the roles of PD in plant-pathogen infection. Nonetheless, several critical areas remain to be addressed. Here we highlight some of these, focusing on the need to consider the effects of pathogen-PD interaction on the trafficking of endogenous molecules, and the involvement of chloroplasts in regulating PD during pathogen defense. By their very nature, PD are recalcitrant to most currently used investigative techniques, therefore answering these questions will require creative imaging and novel quantification approaches.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Immunity; Plants; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 30709495
DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.017 -
Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) Dec 2020Replication and movement are two critical steps in plant virus infection. Recent advances in the understanding of the architecture and subcellular localization of... (Review)
Review
Replication and movement are two critical steps in plant virus infection. Recent advances in the understanding of the architecture and subcellular localization of virus-induced inclusions and the interactions between viral replication complex (VRC) and movement proteins (MPs) allow for the dissection of the intrinsic relationship between replication and movement, which has revealed that recruitment of VRCs to the plasmodesma (PD) via direct or indirect MP-VRC interactions is a common strategy used for cell-to-cell movement by most plant RNA viruses. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of virus-induced inclusions and their roles in virus replication and cell-to-cell movement, analyze the advantages of such coreplicational movement from a viral point of view and discuss the possible mechanical force by which MPs drive the movement of virions or viral RNAs through the PD. Finally, we highlight the missing pieces of the puzzle of viral movement that are especially worth investigating in the near future.
Topics: Plant Viral Movement Proteins; Plasmodesmata; RNA Viruses; RNA, Plant; Nicotiana; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33090653
DOI: 10.1111/tra.12768 -
Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. Protein,... Sep 2002
Review
Topics: Cell Communication; Plant Cells; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Viruses; Plasmodesmata; Protein Transport
PubMed: 12357648
DOI: No ID Found -
ELife Nov 2019Regulation of molecular transport via intercellular channels called plasmodesmata (PDs) is important for both coordinating developmental and environmental responses...
Regulation of molecular transport via intercellular channels called plasmodesmata (PDs) is important for both coordinating developmental and environmental responses among neighbouring cells, and isolating (groups of) cells to execute distinct programs. Cell-to-cell mobility of fluorescent molecules and PD dimensions (measured from electron micrographs) are both used as methods to predict PD transport capacity (i.e., effective symplasmic permeability), but often yield very different values. Here, we build a theoretical bridge between both experimental approaches by calculating the effective symplasmic permeability from a geometrical description of individual PDs and considering the flow towards them. We find that a dilated central region has the strongest impact in thick cell walls and that clustering of PDs into pit fields strongly reduces predicted permeabilities. Moreover, our open source multi-level model allows to predict PD dimensions matching measured permeabilities and add a functional interpretation to structural differences observed between PDs in different cell walls.
Topics: Biological Transport; Biophysics; Cell Movement; Cell Wall; Computer Simulation; Models, Biological; Particle Size; Permeability; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 31755863
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.49000 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Sep 2018Animals require rapid, long-range molecular signaling networks to integrate sensing and response throughout their bodies. The amino acid glutamate acts as an excitatory...
Animals require rapid, long-range molecular signaling networks to integrate sensing and response throughout their bodies. The amino acid glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system, facilitating long-range information exchange via activation of glutamate receptor channels. Similarly, plants sense local signals, such as herbivore attack, and transmit this information throughout the plant body to rapidly activate defense responses in undamaged parts. Here we show that glutamate is a wound signal in plants. Ion channels of the family act as sensors that convert this signal into an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration that propagates to distant organs, where defense responses are then induced.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Glutamic Acid; Herbivory; Phloem; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plasmodesmata; Receptors, Glutamate
PubMed: 30213912
DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7744 -
The New Phytologist Apr 2024
Topics: Cell Communication; Plant Proteins; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 38363008
DOI: 10.1111/nph.19610 -
Current Biology : CB Apr 2008
Topics: Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plasmodesmata; Research
PubMed: 18430626
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.046 -
Plant Physiology Apr 2019The export of photosynthetically produced sugars from leaves depends on plasmodesmatal transport of sugar molecules from mesophyll to phloem. Traditionally, the density... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The export of photosynthetically produced sugars from leaves depends on plasmodesmatal transport of sugar molecules from mesophyll to phloem. Traditionally, the density of plasmodesmata (PD) along this phloem-loading pathway has been used as a defining feature of different phloem-loading types, with species proposed to have either many or few PD between the phloem and surrounding cells of the leaf. However, quantitative determination of PD density has rarely been performed. Moreover, the structure of PD has not been considered, even though it could impact permeability, and functional data are only available for very few species. Here, a comparison of PD density, structure, and function using data from transmission electron microscopy and live-cell microscopy was conducted for all relevant cell-cell interfaces in leaves of nine species. These species represent the three principal phloem-loading types currently discussed in literature. Results show that relative PD density among the different cell-cell interfaces in one species, but not absolute PD density, is indicative of phloem-loading type. PD density data of single interfaces, even combined with PD diameter and length data, did not correlate with the intercellular diffusion capacity measured by the fluorescence loss in photobleaching method. This means that PD substructure not visible on standard transmission electron micrographs may have a strong influence on permeability. Furthermore, the results support a proposed passive symplasmic loading mechanism in the tree species horse chestnut (), white birch (), orchard apple (), and gray poplar () as functional cell coupling and PD structure differed from active symplasmic and apoplasmic phloem-loading species.
Topics: Aesculus; Betula; Biological Transport; Malus; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Phloem; Plasmodesmata; Sugars
PubMed: 30723179
DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01353 -
Journal of Cell Science Jun 2018Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic communication channels that are vital for the physiology and development of all plants. They facilitate the intercellular movement of... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic communication channels that are vital for the physiology and development of all plants. They facilitate the intercellular movement of various cargos - ranging from small molecules, such as sugars, ions and other essential nutrients and chemicals, to large complex molecules, such as proteins and different types of RNA species - by bridging neighboring cells across their cell walls. Structurally, an individual channel consists of the cytoplasmic sleeve that is formed between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane leaflets. Plasmodesmata are highly versatile channels; they vary in number and structure, and undergo constant adjustments to their permeability in response to many internal and external cues. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an overview of plasmodesmata form and function, with highlights on their development and variation, associated components and mobile factors. In addition, we present methodologies that are currently used to study plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular communication.
Topics: Animals; Cell Communication; Plant Cells; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plant Proteins; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 29880547
DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209346 -
The New Phytologist Sep 2021Characterising the processes that control auxin dynamics is essential to understanding how auxin regulates plant development. Over recent years, several studies have... (Review)
Review
Characterising the processes that control auxin dynamics is essential to understanding how auxin regulates plant development. Over recent years, several studies have investigated auxin diffusion through plasmodesmata, characterising this cell-to-cell diffusion and demonstrating that it affects auxin distributions. Furthermore, studies have shown that plasmodesmatal auxin diffusion affects developmental processes, including phototropism, lateral root emergence and leaf hyponasty. This short Tansley Insight review describes how these studies have contributed to our understanding of auxin dynamics and discusses potential future directions in this area.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Indoleacetic Acids; Phototropism; Plant Development; Plant Roots; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 34053083
DOI: 10.1111/nph.17517