-
Molecular Plant Pathology Apr 2020RNA interference is a biological process whereby small RNAs inhibit gene expression through neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. This process is conserved in... (Review)
Review
RNA interference is a biological process whereby small RNAs inhibit gene expression through neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. This process is conserved in eukaryotes. Here, recent work regarding the mechanisms of how small RNAs move within and between organisms is examined. Small RNAs can move locally and systemically in plants through plasmodesmata and phloem, respectively. In fungi, transportation of small RNAs may also be achieved by septal pores and vesicles. Recent evidence also supports bidirectional cross-kingdom communication of small RNAs between host plants and adapted fungal pathogens to affect the outcome of infection. We discuss several mechanisms for small RNA trafficking and describe evidence for transport through nakedĀ form, combined with RNA-binding proteins or enclosed by vesicles.
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Fungi; Phloem; Plasmodesmata; RNA Interference; RNA, Plant
PubMed: 32027079
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12911 -
Plant Signaling & Behavior 2014Symplasmic communication via plasmodesmata (PD) is part of the system of information exchange between plant cells. Molecules that pass through the PD include ions, some... (Review)
Review
Symplasmic communication via plasmodesmata (PD) is part of the system of information exchange between plant cells. Molecules that pass through the PD include ions, some hormones, minerals, amino acids, and sugars but also proteins, transcription factors, and different classes of RNA, and as such PD can participate in the coordination of plant growth and development. This review summarizes the current literature on this subject and the role of PD in signal exchange, the importance of symplasmic communication and symplasmic domains in plant cell differentiation, and highlights the future prospective in the exploration of PD functions in plants. Moreover, this review also describes the potential use of barley root epidermis and non-zygotic embryogenesis in study of symplasmic communication during cell differentiation.
Topics: Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Embryonic Development; Hordeum; Plant Cells; Plant Epidermis; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 24476959
DOI: 10.4161/psb.27931 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2017Plasmodesmata (PD) are plasma membrane lined pores that cross the plant cell wall and connect adjacent cells. Plasmodesmata are composed of elements of the endoplasmic...
Plasmodesmata (PD) are plasma membrane lined pores that cross the plant cell wall and connect adjacent cells. Plasmodesmata are composed of elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, cytosol, and cell wall and thus, as multicomposite structures that are embedded in the cell wall, they are notoriously difficult to isolate from whole plant tissue. However, understanding PD structure, function, and regulation necessitates identification of their molecular components and therefore proteomic and lipidomic analyses of PD fractions are an essential strategy for plasmodesmal biology. Here we outline a simple two-step purification procedure that allows isolation of PD-derived membranes from Arabidopsis suspension cells. The method involves isolation of purified cell wall fragments containing intact PD which is followed by enzymatic degradation of the cell wall to release the PD. This membrane-rich fraction can be subjected to protein and lipid extraction for molecular characterization of PD components. The first step of this procedure involves the isolation of cell wall fragments containing intact PD, free from contamination from other cellular compartments. Purified PD membranes are then released from the cell wall matrix by enzymatic degradation. Isolated PD membranes provide a suitable starting material for the analysis of PD-associated proteins and lipids.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Biomarkers; Blotting, Western; Carrier Proteins; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Fractionation; Cell Wall; Cellulase; Culture Media; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Hydrolysis; Intracellular Membranes; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Membrane Glycoproteins; Plant Cells; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 27730612
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6533-5_15 -
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Oct 2004Intercellular transport via plasmodesmata controls cell fate decisions in plants, and is of fundamental importance in viral movement, disease resistance, and the spread... (Review)
Review
Intercellular transport via plasmodesmata controls cell fate decisions in plants, and is of fundamental importance in viral movement, disease resistance, and the spread of RNAi signals. Although plasmodesmata appear to be unique to plant cells, they may have structural and functional similarities to the newly discovered tunneling nanotubes that connect animal cells. Recently, proteins that localize to plasmodesmata have been identified, and a microtubule-associated protein was found to negatively regulate the trafficking of viral movement proteins. Other advances have delivered new insights into the function and molecular nature of plasmodesmata and have shown that protein trafficking through plasmodesmata is developmentally regulated, opening up the possibility that the genetic control of plasmodesmal function will soon be understood.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Endocytosis; Epigenesis, Genetic; Exocytosis; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plants; Plasmodesmata; Protein Transport; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 15363799
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.08.002 -
Protoplasma Jan 2011At only 50 nm in diameter, plasmodesmata (PD) are below the limit of resolution of conventional light microscopy. Consequently, much of our current interpretation of the... (Review)
Review
At only 50 nm in diameter, plasmodesmata (PD) are below the limit of resolution of conventional light microscopy. Consequently, much of our current interpretation of the substructure of PD is derived from transmission electron microscopy. However, PD can be imaged with alternative techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy and 'super-resolution' imaging approaches such as 3D-structured illumination microscopy. This review considers the methods currently available for studying PD and focuses on the boundary between light- and electron-based imaging approaches.
Topics: Fixatives; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Microscopy; Osmium Tetroxide; Plant Proteins; Plasmodesmata; Proteome; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Staining and Labeling; Tannins; Tissue Fixation; Zinc Compounds
PubMed: 21072547
DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0233-6 -
Plant Signaling & Behavior Jun 2009Callose is a polysaccharide in the form of beta-1,3-glucan with some beta-1,6-branches and it exists in the cell walls of a wide variety of higher plants. Callose plays... (Review)
Review
Callose is a polysaccharide in the form of beta-1,3-glucan with some beta-1,6-branches and it exists in the cell walls of a wide variety of higher plants. Callose plays important roles during a variety of processes in plant development and/or in response to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. It is now generally believed that callose is produced by callose synthases and that it is degraded by beta-1,3-glucanases. Despite the importance of callose in plants, we have only recently begun to elucidate the molecular mechanism of its synthesis. Molecular and genetic studies in Arabidopsis have identified a set of genes that are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of callose. In this mini-review, we highlight recent progress in understanding callose biosynthesis and degradation and discuss the future challenges of unraveling the mechanism(s) by which callose synthase operate.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Cell Division; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Glucans; Glucosyltransferases; Plasmodesmata; Pollen; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 19816126
DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.6.8359 -
Protoplasma Jan 2011Plant cells communicate with each other via plasmodesmata (PDs) in order to orchestrate specific responses to environmental and developmental cues. At the same time,... (Review)
Review
Plant cells communicate with each other via plasmodesmata (PDs) in order to orchestrate specific responses to environmental and developmental cues. At the same time, environmental signals regulate this communication by promoting changes in PD structure that modify symplastic permeability and, in extreme cases, isolate damaged cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key messengers in plant responses to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses. They are also generated during normal metabolism, and mediate signaling pathways that modulate plant growth and developmental transitions. Recent research has suggested the participation of ROS in the regulation of PD transport. The study of several developmental and stress-induced processes revealed a co-regulation of ROS and callose (a cell wall polymer that regulates molecular flux through PDs). The identification of Arabidopsis mutants simultaneously affected in cell redox homeostasis and PD transport, and the histological detection of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidases in the PDs of the tomato vascular cambium provide new information in support of this novel regulatory mechanism. Here, we describe the evidence that supports a role for ROS in the regulation of callose deposition and/or in the formation of secondary PD, and discuss the potential importance of this mechanism during plant growth or defense against environmental stresses.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cell Communication; Glucans; Oxidation-Reduction; Plant Development; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plant Roots; Plants; Plasmodesmata; Reactive Oxygen Species; Seeds; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 21107619
DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0243-4 -
Plant Science : An International... Mar 2021Cell-to-cell communication is crucial in coordinating diverse biological processes in multicellular organisms. In plants, communication between adjacent cells occurs via... (Review)
Review
Cell-to-cell communication is crucial in coordinating diverse biological processes in multicellular organisms. In plants, communication between adjacent cells occurs via nanotubular passages called plasmodesmata (PD). The PD passage is composed of an appressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) internally, and plasma membrane (PM) externally, that traverses the cell wall, and associates with the actin-cytoskeleton. The coordination of the ER, PM and cytoskeleton plays a potential role in maintaining the architecture and conductivity of PD. Many data suggest that PD-associated proteins can serve as tethers that connect these structures in a functional PD, to regulate cell-to-cell communication. In this review, we summarize the organization and regulation of PD activity via tethering proteins, and discuss the importance of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in plant development and defense against environmental stress.
Topics: Actins; Cell Membrane; Cell Wall; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Membrane Proteins; Plant Proteins; Plants; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 33568299
DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110800 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Feb 2021Plasmodesmata are intercellular pores connecting together most plant cells. These structures consist of a central constricted form of the endoplasmic reticulum,... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata are intercellular pores connecting together most plant cells. These structures consist of a central constricted form of the endoplasmic reticulum, encircled by some cytoplasmic space, in turn delimited by the plasma membrane, itself ultimately surrounded by the cell wall. The presence and structure of plasmodesmata create multiple routes for intercellular trafficking of a large spectrum of molecules (encompassing RNAs, proteins, hormones and metabolites) and also enable local signalling events. Movement across plasmodesmata is finely controlled inĀ order to balance processes requiring communication with those necessitating symplastic isolation. Here, we describe the identities and roles of the molecular components (specific sets of lipids, proteins and wall polysaccharides) that shape and define plasmodesmata structural and functional domains. We highlight the extensive and dynamic interactions that exist between the plasma/endoplasmic reticulum membranes, cytoplasm and cell wall domains, binding them together to effectively define plasmodesmata shapes and purposes.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cell Communication; Cell Wall; Cytoplasmic Structures; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Membrane Lipids; Plant Proteins; Plants; Plasmodesmata; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 32920696
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03622-8 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) are plasmamembrane-lined pores that traverse the cell wall to establish cytoplasmic and endomembrane continuity between neighboring cells....
In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) are plasmamembrane-lined pores that traverse the cell wall to establish cytoplasmic and endomembrane continuity between neighboring cells. As intercellular channels, PD play pivotal roles in plant growth and development, defense responses, and are also co-opted by viruses to spread cell-to-cell to establish systemic infection. Proteomic analyses of PD-enriched fractions may provide critical insights on plasmodesmal biology and PD-mediated virus-host interactions. However, it is difficult to isolate PD from plant tissues as they are firmly embedded in the cell wall. Here, we describe a protocol for the purification of PD from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves for proteomic analysis.
Topics: Cell Wall; Plants; Plasmodesmata; Proteomics; Nicotiana
PubMed: 34905196
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1835-6_12