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Molecular Plant Jan 2016Intercellular and supracellular communications through plasmodesmata are involved in vital processes for plant development and physiological responses. Micro- and... (Review)
Review
Intercellular and supracellular communications through plasmodesmata are involved in vital processes for plant development and physiological responses. Micro- and macromolecules, including hormones, RNA, and proteins, serve as biological information vectors that traffic through the plasmodesmata between cells. Previous studies demonstrated that the plasmodesmata are elaborately regulated, whereby a long queue of multiple signaling molecules forms. However, the mechanism by which these signals are coupled or coordinated in terms of simultaneous transport in a single channel remains a puzzle. In the last few years, several phytohormones that could function as both non-cell-autonomous signals and plasmodesmal regulators have been disclosed. Plasmodesmal regulators such as auxin, salicylic acid, reactive oxygen species, gibberellic acids, chitin, and jasmonic acid could regulate intercellular trafficking by adjusting plasmodesmal permeability. Here, callose, along with β-glucan synthase and β-glucanase, plays a critical role in regulating plasmodesmal permeability. Interestingly, most of the previously identified regulators are capable of diffusing through the plasmodesmata. Given the small sizes of these molecules, the plasmodesmata are prominent intercellular channels that allow diffusion-based movement of those signaling molecules. Obviously, intercellular communication is under the control of a major mechanism, named a feedback loop, at the plasmodesmata, which mediates complicated biological behaviors. Prospective research on the mechanism of coupling micromolecules at the plasmodesmata for developmental signaling and nutrient provision will help us to understand how plants coordinate their development and photosynthetic assimilation, which is important for agriculture.
Topics: Cell Communication; Glucans; Glucosyltransferases; Plant Growth Regulators; Plants; Plasmodesmata; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26384246
DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.08.015 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Plasmodesmata are plant intercellular channels that mediate the transport of small and large molecules including RNAs and transcription factors (TFs) that regulate plant... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata are plant intercellular channels that mediate the transport of small and large molecules including RNAs and transcription factors (TFs) that regulate plant development. In this review, we present current research on plasmodesmata form and function and discuss the main regulatory pathways. We show the progress made in the development of approaches and tools to dissect the plasmodesmata proteome in diverse plant species and discuss future perspectives and challenges in this field of research.
Topics: Cell Communication; Plant Development; Plant Proteins; Plasmodesmata; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35349130
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_1 -
Protoplasma 2008
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Cell Wall; Cold Temperature; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 18767214
DOI: 10.1007/s00709-008-0295-x -
Journal of Experimental Botany Dec 2017Plasmodesmata (PD) are a hallmark of the plant kingdom and a cornerstone of plant biology and physiology, forming the conduits for the cell-to-cell transfer of proteins,... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata (PD) are a hallmark of the plant kingdom and a cornerstone of plant biology and physiology, forming the conduits for the cell-to-cell transfer of proteins, RNA and various metabolites, including hormones. They connect the cytosols and endomembranes of cells, which allows enhanced cell-to-cell communication and synchronization. Because of their unique position as intercellular gateways, they are at the frontline of plant defence and signalling and constitute the battleground for virus replication and spreading. The membranous organization of PD is remarkable, where a tightly furled strand of endoplasmic reticulum comes into close apposition with the plasma membrane, the two connected by spoke-like elements. The role of these structural features is, to date, still not completely understood. Recent data on PD seem to point in an unexpected direction, establishing a close parallel between PD and membrane contact sites and defining plasmodesmal membranes as microdomains. However, the implications of this new viewpoint are not fully understood. Aided by available phylogenetic data, this review attempts to reassess the function of the different elements comprising the PD and the relevance of membrane lipid composition and biophysics in defining specialized microdomains of PD, critical for their function.
Topics: Biological Transport; Biophysical Phenomena; Cell Membrane; Cytosol; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Membrane Lipids; Plants; Plasmodesmata; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28992136
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx225 -
Protoplasma Jan 2011The turnover of callose (β-1,3-glucan) within cell walls is an essential process affecting many developmental, physiological and stress related processes in plants. The... (Review)
Review
The turnover of callose (β-1,3-glucan) within cell walls is an essential process affecting many developmental, physiological and stress related processes in plants. The deposition and degradation of callose at the neck region of plasmodesmata (Pd) is one of the cellular control mechanisms regulating Pd permeability during both abiotic and biotic stresses. Callose accumulation at Pd is controlled by callose synthases (CalS; EC 2.4.1.34), endogenous enzymes mediating callose synthesis, and by β-1,3-glucanases (BG; EC 3.2.1.39), hydrolytic enzymes which specifically degrade callose. Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of some CalSs and BGs are strongly controlled by stress signaling, such as that resulting from pathogen invasion. We review the role of Pd-associated callose in the regulation of intercellular communication during developmental, physiological, and stress response processes. Special emphasis is placed on the involvement of Pd-callose in viral pathogenicity. Callose accumulation at Pd restricts virus movement in both compatible and incompatible interactions, while its degradation promotes pathogen spread. Hence, studies on mechanisms of callose turnover at Pd during viral cell-to-cell spread are of importance for our understanding of host mechanisms exploited by viruses in order to successfully spread within the infected plant.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase; Glucans; Glucosyltransferases; Permeability; Plant Development; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plant Viruses; Plants; Plasmodesmata; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 21116665
DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0247-0 -
The New Phytologist Jun 2018Plasmodesmata (PD) are membrane-lined pores that connect neighbouring plant cells and allow molecular exchange via the symplast. Past studies have revealed the basic... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membrane-lined pores that connect neighbouring plant cells and allow molecular exchange via the symplast. Past studies have revealed the basic structure of PD, some of the transport mechanisms for molecules through PD, and a variety of physiological processes in which they function. Recently, with the help of newly developed technologies, several exciting new features of PD have been revealed. New PD structures were observed during early formation of PD and between phloem sieve elements and phloem pole pericycle cells in roots. Both observations challenge our current understanding of PD structure and function. Research into novel physiological responses, which are regulated by PD, indicates that we have not yet fully explored the potential contribution of PD to overall plant function. In this Viewpoint article, we summarize some of the recent advances in understanding the structure and function of PD and propose the challenges ahead for the community.
Topics: Calcium Signaling; Cell Wall; Circadian Clocks; Genome, Plant; Plasmodesmata; Symbiosis
PubMed: 29574753
DOI: 10.1111/nph.15130 -
Progress in Lipid Research Jan 2019The plasma membrane (PM) is the biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside. The PM is constituted of a huge diversity of proteins and... (Review)
Review
The plasma membrane (PM) is the biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside. The PM is constituted of a huge diversity of proteins and lipids. In this review, we will update the diversity of molecular species of lipids found in plant PM. We will further discuss how lipids govern global properties of the plant PM, explaining that plant lipids are unevenly distributed and are able to organize PM in domains. From that observation, it emerges a complex picture showing a spatial and multiscale segregation of PM components. Finally, we will discuss how lipids are key players in the function of PM in plants, with a particular focus on plant-microbe interaction, transport and hormone signaling, abiotic stress responses, plasmodesmata function. The last chapter is dedicated to the methods that the plant membrane biology community needs to develop to get a comprehensive understanding of membrane organization in plants.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Host Microbial Interactions; Membrane Microdomains; Membrane Proteins; Phospholipids; Phytosterols; Plant Cells; Plasmodesmata; Sphingolipids; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 30465788
DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.002 -
Journal of Experimental Botany May 2020The long-distance translocation of nutrients and mobile molecules between different terminals is necessary for plant growth and development. Plasmodesmata-mediated... (Review)
Review
The long-distance translocation of nutrients and mobile molecules between different terminals is necessary for plant growth and development. Plasmodesmata-mediated symplastic trafficking plays an important role in accomplishing this task. To facilitate intercellular transport, plants have evolved diverse plasmodesmata with distinct internal architecture at different cell-cell interfaces along the trafficking route. Correspondingly, different underlying mechanisms for regulating plasmodesmal structures have been gradually revealed. In this review, we highlight recent studies on various plasmodesmal architectures, as well as relevant regulators of their de novo formation and transition, responsible for phloem loading, transport, and unloading specifically. We also discuss the interesting but unaddressed questions relating to, and potential studies on, the adaptation of functional plasmodesmal structures.
Topics: Biological Transport; Phloem; Plant Development; Plants; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 31872215
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz567 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Array tomography (AT) is a new high-throughput imaging method for high-resolution imaging of ultrastructure and for 3-D reconstruction of cells and organelles. Here, we...
Array tomography (AT) is a new high-throughput imaging method for high-resolution imaging of ultrastructure and for 3-D reconstruction of cells and organelles. Here, we describe the entire procedure for obtaining a spatial image of the distribution of plasmodesmata (PD). As example, the protocol is applied here to reconstruct the number and arrangement of PD between cells undergoing differentiation during Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis.
Topics: Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Plasmodesmata; Tomography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 35349133
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_4 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Feb 2020Plasmodesmata pores control the entry and exit of molecules at cell-to-cell boundaries. Hundreds of pores perforate the plant cell wall, connecting cells together and... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata pores control the entry and exit of molecules at cell-to-cell boundaries. Hundreds of pores perforate the plant cell wall, connecting cells together and establishing direct cytosolic and membrane continuity. This ability to connect cells in such a way is a hallmark of plant physiology and is thought to have allowed sessile multicellularity in Plantae kingdom. Indeed, plasmodesmata-mediated cell-to-cell signalling is fundamental to many plant-related processes. In fact, there are so many facets of plant biology under the control of plasmodesmata that it is hard to conceive how such tiny structures can do so much. While they provide 'open doors' between cells, they also need to guarantee cellular identities and territories by selectively transporting molecules. Although plasmodesmata operating mode remains difficult to grasp, little by little plant scientists are divulging their secrets. In this review, we highlight novel functions of cell-to-cell signalling and share recent insights into how plasmodesmata structural and molecular signatures confer functional specificity and plasticity to these unique cellular machines.
Topics: Cell Communication; Cell Membrane; Cell Wall; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 31805513
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.009