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PLoS Medicine Apr 2021Cindy S Chu and co-authors review options for diagnosis, safe and radical cure, and relapse prevention of Plasmodium Vivax.
Cindy S Chu and co-authors review options for diagnosis, safe and radical cure, and relapse prevention of Plasmodium Vivax.
Topics: Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax
PubMed: 33891587
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003561 -
Trends in Parasitology Jul 2002In Bangkok, Thailand, 3-8 February 2002, the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria convened the first malaria conference, Vivax Malaria Research: 2002 and Beyond, devoted... (Review)
Review
In Bangkok, Thailand, 3-8 February 2002, the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria convened the first malaria conference, Vivax Malaria Research: 2002 and Beyond, devoted entirely to Plasmodium vivax research.
Topics: Animals; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Protozoan Vaccines
PubMed: 12379943
DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02329-2 -
Trends in Parasitology Jun 2013The development of a continuous Plasmodium vivax blood cycle in vitro was first attempted 100 years ago. Since then, and despite the use of different methods, only... (Review)
Review
The development of a continuous Plasmodium vivax blood cycle in vitro was first attempted 100 years ago. Since then, and despite the use of different methods, only short-term cultures have been achieved so far. The available literature has been reviewed in order to provide a critical overview of the currently available knowledge on P. vivax blood cycle culture systems and identify some unexplored ways forward. Results show that data accumulated over the past century remain fragmented and often contradictory, making it difficult to draw conclusions. There is the need for an international consortium on P. vivax culture able to collect, update, and share new evidence, including negative results, and thus better coordinate current efforts towards the establishment of a continuous P. vivax culture.
Topics: Animals; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Life Cycle Stages; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Research
PubMed: 23623759
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.012 -
Trends in Parasitology Nov 2012In this review we present recent developments in the analysis of Plasmodium vivax clinical trials and ex vivo drug-susceptibility assays, as well approaches currently... (Review)
Review
In this review we present recent developments in the analysis of Plasmodium vivax clinical trials and ex vivo drug-susceptibility assays, as well approaches currently being used to identify molecular markers of drug resistance. Clinical trials incorporating the measurement of in vivo drug concentrations and parasite clearance times are needed to detect early signs of resistance. Analysis of P. vivax growth dynamics ex vivo have defined the criteria for acceptable assay thresholds for drug susceptibility testing, and their subsequent interpretation. Genotyping and next-generation sequencing studies in P. vivax field isolates are set to transform our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance.
Topics: Antimalarials; Biomarkers; Drug Resistance; Genotype; Malaria; Phenotype; Plasmodium vivax
PubMed: 23044287
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.005 -
Trends in Parasitology May 2003Little is known of the genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium vivax, a debilitating and highly prevalent malaria parasite of humans. This article... (Review)
Review
Little is known of the genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium vivax, a debilitating and highly prevalent malaria parasite of humans. This article reviews the known polymorphic genetic markers, summarizes current data on the population structure of this parasite and discusses future prospects for using knowledge of the genetic diversity to improve control measures.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Markers; Genetic Variation; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Plasmodium vivax; Polymorphism, Genetic
PubMed: 12763428
DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00085-0 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Sep 2009Plasmodium vivax is geographically the most widely distributed cause of malaria in people, with up to 2.5 billion people at risk and an estimated 80 million to 300... (Review)
Review
Plasmodium vivax is geographically the most widely distributed cause of malaria in people, with up to 2.5 billion people at risk and an estimated 80 million to 300 million clinical cases every year--including severe disease and death. Despite this large burden of disease, P vivax is overlooked and left in the shadow of the enormous problem caused by Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa. The technological advances enabling the sequencing of the P vivax genome and a recent call for worldwide malaria eradication have together placed new emphasis on the importance of addressing P vivax as a major public health problem. However, because of this parasite's biology, it is especially difficult to interrupt the transmission of P vivax, and experts agree that the available methods for preventing and treating infections with P vivax are inadequate. It is thus imperative that the development of new methods and strategies become a priority. Advancing the development of such methods needs renewed emphasis on understanding the biology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of P vivax. This Review critically examines what is known about P vivax, focusing on identifying the crucial gaps that create obstacles to the elimination of this parasite in human populations.
Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Animals; Antimalarials; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Models, Animal; Plasmodium vivax
PubMed: 19695492
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70177-X -
[Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte stages are neglected in vaccine development].Salud Publica de Mexico 2004Plasmodium gametocytes are responsible for transmission from the vertebrate host to the mosquito. Plasmodium gametocytes undergo a complex cycle from asexual stages,... (Review)
Review
Plasmodium gametocytes are responsible for transmission from the vertebrate host to the mosquito. Plasmodium gametocytes undergo a complex cycle from asexual stages, through a poorly understood process characterized by expression of stage-specific proteins and adhesion molecules. Gametocytes are capable of inducing specific humoral IgG, and cellular responses, which include induction of TNFalpha, IFNgamma and gammadelta+ lymphocyte proliferation, in addition to immune responses to other stages of the parasite (sporozoite, exo-erythrocytic stages, erythrocytic stages). Although transmission-blocking vaccines against Plasmodium do not currently include components against the gametocytes (rather they focus on gametes, zygotes or ookinetes, stages which occur in the mosquito), further understanding of the mechanisms underlying gametocytogenesis and immune responses against these stages may provide additional strategies for more effective transmission inhibition.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Life Cycle Stages; Malaria Vaccines; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax
PubMed: 15053398
DOI: 10.1590/s0036-36342004000100009 -
Trends in Parasitology May 2003With the successful completion of the project to sequence the Plasmodium falciparum genome, researchers are now turning their attention to other malaria parasite... (Review)
Review
With the successful completion of the project to sequence the Plasmodium falciparum genome, researchers are now turning their attention to other malaria parasite species. Here, an update on the Plasmodium vivax genome sequencing project is presented, as part of the Trends in Parasitology series of reviews expanding on various aspects of P. vivax research.
Topics: Animals; Chromosome Mapping; Genome, Protozoan; Plasmodium vivax; Research
PubMed: 12763429
DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(03)00066-7 -
International Microbiology : the... Sep 2019Malaria is one of the most important human diseases throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Global distribution and ample host range have contributed...
Malaria is one of the most important human diseases throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Global distribution and ample host range have contributed to the genetic diversity of the etiological agent, Plasmodium. Phylogeographical analyses demonstrated that Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax follow an Out of Africa (OOA) expansion, having a higher genetic diversity in African populations and a low genetic diversity in South American populations. Modeling the evolutionary rate of conserved genes for both P. falciparum and P. vivax determined the approximate arrival of human malaria in South America. Bayesian computational methods suggest that P. falciparum originated in Africa and arrived in South America through multiple independent introductions by the transatlantic African slave trade; however, in South America, P. vivax could have been introduced through an alternate migratory route. Alignments of P. vivax mitogenomes have revealed low genetic variation between the South American and Southeast Asian populations suggesting introduction through either pre-Columbian human migration or post-colonization events. To confirm the findings of these phylogeographical analyses, molecular methods were used to diagnose malaria infection in archeological remains of pre-Columbian ethnic groups. Immunohistochemistry tests were used and identified P. vivax but not P. falciparum in histologically prepared tissues from pre-Columbian Peruvian mummies, whereas shotgun metagenomics sequencing of DNA isolated from pre-Columbian Caribbean coprolites revealed Plasmodium-homologous reads; current evidence suggests that only P. vivax might have been present in pre-Columbian South America.
Topics: Caribbean Region; Humans; Malaria, Vivax; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeography; Plasmodium vivax; South America
PubMed: 30810995
DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-00053-1 -
Annals of Tropical Medicine and... Apr 1995Over the past few years, considerable progress has been achieved in the molecular characterization of some of the constituent proteins of Plasmodium vivax (Pv)... (Review)
Review
Over the past few years, considerable progress has been achieved in the molecular characterization of some of the constituent proteins of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) merozoites. These proteins include the P. vivax membrane surface protein (MSP) PvMSP-1 and three other MSP that have been designated PvMSP-2, PvMSP-3 and PvMSP-4. Additionally, three other merozoite proteins involved in the receptor-mediated adhesive interactions that occur during invasion have been molecularly defined. One of these merozoite adhesins, the Duffy-binding or -adhesion protein, interacts with Duffy glycoprotein, whereas the other two, reticulocyte-binding proteins serve to target reticulocytes. A fourth merozoite protein that has been identified, the merozoite apical cone protein, is also likely to be involved in adhesion and invasion.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Carrier Proteins; Cell Adhesion; Duffy Blood-Group System; Erythrocytes; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Phylogeny; Plasmodium vivax; Protozoan Proteins; Receptors, Cell Surface; Reticulocytes
PubMed: 7605120
DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1995.11812941