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Experientia Feb 1988The platelet is one of the most researched biological markers in psychiatry. Characteristics of MAO activity, 5-HT uptake, imipramine and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor... (Review)
Review
The platelet is one of the most researched biological markers in psychiatry. Characteristics of MAO activity, 5-HT uptake, imipramine and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding, for example, are similar in platelet and CNS. Methodological factors are not negligible, and range from diagnostic specificity and drug effects to the normal physiological variability of age and hormone-related changes, circadian and seasonal rhythms. As yet, there are no clear state or trait platelet markers in affective disorders and schizophrenia that can be unequivocally used to detect vulnerability to the illness, predict therapeutic response, define clinical diagnostic entities or follow the course of the illness. However, platelet markers are increasingly being used in careful studies to monitor psychopharmacological effects (an in vivo assay of all active metabolites), different ligands can be specific markers for certain aspects of a psychiatric illness (e.g. alpha 2-adrenergic receptors and weight loss), and this homogeneous preparation of human cells is an increasingly important tool in studying mechanisms in pathophysiology. More longitudinal studies are required to establish functional relationships between platelet variables and psychopathology.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Humans; Imipramine; Mental Disorders; Monoamine Oxidase; Psychiatry; Psychotropic Drugs; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; Research; Serotonin
PubMed: 2831076
DOI: 10.1007/BF01952199 -
Science China. Life Sciences Nov 2013The development of novel and efficient antiplatelet agents that have few adverse effects and methods that improve antiplatelet resistance has long been the focus of... (Review)
Review
The development of novel and efficient antiplatelet agents that have few adverse effects and methods that improve antiplatelet resistance has long been the focus of international research on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Recent advances in platelet proteomics have provided a technology platform for high-quality research of platelet pathophysiology and the development of new antiplatelet drugs. The study of blood stasis syndrome (BSS) and activated blood circulation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the most active fields where the integration of TCM and western medicine in China has been successful. Activated blood circulation herbs (ABC herbs) of Chinese medicine are often used in the treatment of BSS. Most ABC herbs have antiplatelet and anti-atherosclerosis activity, but knowledge about their targets is lacking. Coronary heart disease (CHD), BSS, and platelet activation are closely related. By screening and identifying activated platelet proteins that are differentially expressed in BSS of CHD, platelet proteomics has helped researchers interpret the antiplatelet mechanism of action of ABC herbs and provided many potential biomarkers for BSS that could be used to evaluate the clinical curative effect of new antiplatelet drugs. In this article the progress of platelet proteomics and its advanced application for research of BSS and ABC herbs of Chinese medicine are reviewed.
Topics: Blood Circulation; Blood Platelets; Drug Discovery; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Proteome; Proteomics; Syndrome
PubMed: 24114444
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4551-8 -
Transfusion Medicine Reviews Oct 2020Platelets are the primary cellular mediators of hemostasis and this function firmly acquaints them with a variety of inflammatory processes. For example, platelets can... (Review)
Review
Platelets are the primary cellular mediators of hemostasis and this function firmly acquaints them with a variety of inflammatory processes. For example, platelets can act as circulating sentinels by expressing Toll-like receptors (TLR) that bind pathogens and this allows platelets to effectively kill them or present them to cells of the immune system. Furthermore, activated platelets secrete and express many pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules that attract and capture circulating leukocytes and direct them to inflamed tissues. In addition, platelets can directly influence adaptive immune responses via secretion of, for example, CD40 and CD40L molecules. Platelets are also the source of most of the microvesicles in the circulation and these miniscule elements further enhance the platelet's ability to communicate with the immune system. More recently, it has been demonstrated that platelets and their parent cells, the megakaryocytes (MK), can also uptake, process and present both foreign and self-antigens to CD8+ T-cells conferring on them the ability to directly alter adaptive immune responses. This review will highlight several of the non-hemostatic attributes of platelets that clearly and rightfully place them as integral players in immune reactions.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Biomarkers; Blood Platelets; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunomodulation; Inflammation; Megakaryocytes; Platelet Transfusion
PubMed: 33051111
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.09.005 -
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis :... Jun 2013Recent work by the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements project showed that non-protein-coding RNAs account for an unexpectedly large proportion of the human genome. Among these... (Review)
Review
Recent work by the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements project showed that non-protein-coding RNAs account for an unexpectedly large proportion of the human genome. Among these non-coding RNAs are microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small RNA molecules that modulate protein expression by degrading mRNA or repressing mRNA translation. MiRNAs have been shown to play important roles in hematopoiesis including embryonic stem cell differentiation, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis/monocytopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and megakaryocytopoiesis. Additionally, disordered miRNA biogenesis and quantitative or qualitative alterations in miRNAs and their targets are associated with hematological pathologies. Platelets contain machinery to process pre-miRNAs into mature miRNAs, and specific platelet miRNA levels have been found to correlate with platelet reactivity. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of miRNAs in megakaryocytes and platelets, and the exciting possibilities for future megakaryocyte-platelet transcriptome research.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Humans; MicroRNAs; Platelet Activation
PubMed: 23809137
DOI: 10.1111/jth.12214 -
Transfusion and Apheresis Science :... Oct 2009The continuous increase in the demand for platelet transfusion has necessitated the need to establish standards for determining the quality of platelets during storage.... (Review)
Review
The continuous increase in the demand for platelet transfusion has necessitated the need to establish standards for determining the quality of platelets during storage. Bacterial contamination of platelet products and deleterious changes in structure and function referred to as the platelet storage lesion (PSL), have restricted the platelet shelf life to 5 days. The PSL and platelet health variables have been well studied and documented. The precise correlation between in vitro assays and in vivo platelet recovery and survival is yet to be established. This review presents an overview of the current understanding of PSL and the novel approaches being developed to negate the storage lesion.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Blood Preservation; Humans; Platelet Transfusion
PubMed: 19683964
DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2009.07.002 -
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis :... Oct 2005
Review
Topics: Animals; Blood Platelets; Hemostasis; Humans; Mice; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Second Messenger Systems; Thrombosis
PubMed: 16194198
DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01338.x -
Blood Jul 2015Although once primarily recognized for its roles in hemostasis and thrombosis, the platelet has been increasingly recognized as a multipurpose cell. Indeed, circulating... (Review)
Review
Although once primarily recognized for its roles in hemostasis and thrombosis, the platelet has been increasingly recognized as a multipurpose cell. Indeed, circulating platelets have the ability to influence a wide range of seemingly unrelated pathophysiologic events. Here, we highlight some of the notable observations that link platelets to inflammation, reinforcing the platelet's origin from a lower vertebrate cell type with both hemostatic and immunologic roles. In addition, we consider the relevance of platelets in cancer biology by focusing on the hallmarks of cancer and the ways platelets can influence multistep development of tumors. Beyond its traditional role in hemostasis and thrombosis, the platelet's involvement in the interplay between hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer is likely complex, yet extremely important in each disease process. The existence of animal models of platelet dysfunction and currently used antiplatelet therapies provide a framework for understanding mechanistic insights into a wide range of pathophysiologic events. Thus, the basic scientist studying platelet function can think beyond the traditional hemostasis and thrombosis paradigms, while the practicing hematologist must appreciate platelet relevance in a wide range of disease processes.
Topics: Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Aspirin; Blood Platelets; Cell Death; Cell Proliferation; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Humans; Inflammation; Models, Biological; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Neutrophils; Signal Transduction; Thrombosis; Tumor Escape
PubMed: 26109205
DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-531582 -
Journal of Food Biochemistry Dec 2022In addition to hemostasis and thrombosis, blood platelets are involved in various processes such as inflammation, infection, immunobiology, cancer metastasis, wound... (Review)
Review
In addition to hemostasis and thrombosis, blood platelets are involved in various processes such as inflammation, infection, immunobiology, cancer metastasis, wound repair and angiogenesis. Platelets' hemostatic and non-hemostatic functions are mediated by the expression of various membrane receptors and the release of proteins, ions and other mediators. Therefore, specific activities of platelets responsible for the non-hemostatic disease are to be inhibited while leaving the platelet's hemostatic function unaffected. Platelets' anti-aggregatory property has been used as a primary criterion for antiplatelet drugs/bioactives; however, their non-hemostatic activities are not well known. This review describes the hemostatic and non-hemostatic function of human blood platelets and the modulatory effects of bioactive food components. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In this review, we have discussed the antiplatelet effects of several food components. These bioactive compounds inhibit both hemostatic and non-hemostatic pathways involving blood platelet. Platelets have emerged as critical biological factors of normal and pathologic vascular healing and other diseases such as cancers and inflammatory and immune disorders. The challenge for therapeutic intervention in these disorders will be to find drugs and bioactive compounds that preferentially block specific sites implicated in emerging roles of platelets' complicated contribution to inflammation, tumour growth, or other disorders while leaving at least some of their hemostatic function intact.
Topics: Humans; Blood Platelets; Hemostasis; Thrombosis; Neoplasms; Inflammation
PubMed: 36219755
DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14476 -
Thrombosis Research Jul 1999The advances that have been made over the last decade in microscopic, biochemical, molecular, and genetic techniques have led to substantial improvement in our... (Review)
Review
The advances that have been made over the last decade in microscopic, biochemical, molecular, and genetic techniques have led to substantial improvement in our understanding of platelet dense granule structure and function, and the implications of dense granule deficiencies for haemostasis. However, much has still to be learned. For example, what is the specific mechanism of docking and fusion that occurs during dense granule exocytosis? What are the roles of dense granule membrane proteins during exocytosis or after expression on the surface of activated platelets? Finally, how do the genetic defects identified in HPS and CHS result in the clinical phenotype of these diseases, and what does this tell us about the origin and function of the affected subcellular organelles?
Topics: Animals; Blood Platelets; Cytoplasmic Granules; Humans; Platelet Activation
PubMed: 10403682
DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(99)00015-8 -
Anesthesiology Mar 1977Basic knowledge regarding platelet physiology has been reviewed and related to clinical situations where platelet function is critically important. Platelet function...
Basic knowledge regarding platelet physiology has been reviewed and related to clinical situations where platelet function is critically important. Platelet function tests such as aggregation and survival studies, which are research tools now, may soon be available to aid in the diagnosis and management of clinical bleeding problems. A growing understanding of drug-platelet interactions is allowing manipulation of platelets and the clotting system to improve the proganoses for patients who have thromboembolic diseases. Advances in platelet storage and transfusion techniques can save patients who previously might have bled to death. Proper application of the new developments in cardiopulmonary bypass and hemodilution, with attention to platelet and coagulation factor preservation, will contribute to securing hemostasis and conserving blood products.
Topics: Blood Coagulation Factors; Blood Coagulation Tests; Blood Platelets; Blood Preservation; Blood Transfusion; Extracorporeal Circulation; Humans; Platelet Adhesiveness; Templates, Genetic; Tourniquets
PubMed: 842874
DOI: 10.1097/00000542-197703000-00008