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American Family Physician Dec 2000
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Evidence-Based Medicine; Family Practice; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Practice Guidelines as Topic; United States
PubMed: 11142467
DOI: No ID Found -
Expert Review of Vaccines Oct 2003Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae contribute significantly to worldwide morbidity and mortality. S. pneumoniae is now the number one cause of invasive... (Review)
Review
Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae contribute significantly to worldwide morbidity and mortality. S. pneumoniae is now the number one cause of invasive bacterial disease in children in countries where Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease has been conquered by use of the Hib conjugate vaccine. Licensure of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children less than 5 years old in the USA represents the culmination of more than five decades of pneumococcal vaccine development. This review will: highlight safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies that led to US Food and Drug Administration approval of this PCV7; summarize data about the incidence of childhood pneumococcal disease in the USA subsequent to licensure; review PCV7 treatment guidelines currently in place in the USA, Canada and Australia; and consider future directions in pneumococcal vaccine research.
Topics: Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; Humans; Immunization Programs; Meningococcal Vaccines; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Streptococcus pneumoniae; United States
PubMed: 14711324
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2.5.619 -
Vaccine Jul 2013To review the approaches used in the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEAs) literature to estimate the cost of expanded program on immunization (EPI) activities, other than... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the approaches used in the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEAs) literature to estimate the cost of expanded program on immunization (EPI) activities, other than vaccine purchase, for rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines.
METHODS
A systematic review in PubMed and NHS EED databases of rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines CEAs was done. Selected articles were read and information on how EPI costs were calculated was extracted. EPI costing approaches were classified according to the method or assumption used for estimation.
RESULTS
Seventy-nine studies that evaluated cost effectiveness of rotavirus (n=43) or pneumococcal (n=36) vaccines were identified. In general, there are few details on how EPI costs other than vaccine procurement were estimated. While 30 studies used some measurement of that cost, only one study on pneumococcal vaccine used a primary cost evaluation (bottom-up costing analysis) and one study used a costing tool. Twenty-seven studies (17 on rotavirus and 10 on pneumococcal vaccine) assumed the non-vaccine costs. Five studies made no reference to additional costs. Fourteen studies (9 rotavirus and 5 pneumococcal) did not consider any additional EPI cost beyond vaccine procurement. For rotavirus studies, the median for non-vaccine cost per dose was US$0.74 in developing countries and US$6.39 in developed countries. For pneumococcal vaccines, the median for non-vaccine cost per dose was US$1.27 in developing countries and US$8.71 in developed countries.
CONCLUSIONS
Many pneumococcal (52.8%) and rotavirus (60.4%) cost-effectiveness analyses did not consider additional EPI costs or used poorly supported assumptions. Ignoring EPI costs in addition to those for vaccine procurement in CEA analysis of new vaccines may lead to significant errors in the estimations of ICERs since several factors like personnel, cold chain, or social mobilization can be substantially affected by the introduction of new vaccines.
Topics: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Health Care Costs; Humans; Immunization Programs; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Rotavirus Vaccines
PubMed: 23777697
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.064 -
Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi. the Journal... Nov 2015
Topics: Humans; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 28520386
DOI: 10.2169/naika.104.2297 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... May 2011A 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), developed with the same chemistry used for the 7-valent PCV vaccine (PCV7) and with the goal of expanding serotype... (Review)
Review
A 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), developed with the same chemistry used for the 7-valent PCV vaccine (PCV7) and with the goal of expanding serotype coverage, was clinically evaluated in the United States and Europe and found to induce capsular-specific antibody responses comparable to those of PCV7 for the common serotypes, with robust responses to the 6 additional serotypes. In addition, PCV13 has a similar safety profile to PCV7 and can be given routinely to infants and children, ideally as a 3-dose primary series in the first year of life, with a booster dose in the second year. Children who have initiated their vaccination program with PCV7 can transition to PCV13 at any point in the schedule. Children aged ≥15 months who have been completely vaccinated with PCV7 can receive a single dose of PCV13 to induce immunity to the 6 additional serotypes.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Europe; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 21507921
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir142 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Aug 2009The introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) into the routine childhood vaccination schedule has been shown to be effective in preventing... (Review)
Review
The introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) into the routine childhood vaccination schedule has been shown to be effective in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis in infants and young children as determined by epidemiological surveillance studies. There has been a rise in IPD due to nonvaccine serotypes; however, this rise is small compared with the overall reduction in IPD. Non-PCV-7 serotypes and vaccine-related serotypes, such as serotypes 1, 5, 7F, 6A and 19A, have also been reported to cause IPD in some parts of the world where morbidity and mortality from pneumococcal disease are higher. An investigational 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) uses CRM(197) as a carrier, similar to the current PCV-7, and covers serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F and 19A, in addition to the serotypes of PCV-7 (serotype 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F). PCV-13 is safe and well tolerated with other pediatric vaccines in infants according to clinical trials. IgG anticapsular polysaccharide-binding concentrations and opsonophagocytic assay responses are similar and noninferior between PCV-13 and PCV-7 and, according to immunogenicity studies, PCV-13 has more potential to protect against pneumococcal diseases with the additional six serotypes. With the addition of these new serotypes, it could be possible to cover potential pneumococcal serotypes causing IPD throughout the world. The cost of the vaccine, its length of duration, optimal scheduling, combination and boosting with PCV-7 are still unresolved issues. Assessment of the vaccine's effectiveness and efficacy following potential licensure will require carefully designed cohort and case-control studies that can assess the indirect effects of PCV-13.
Topics: Humans; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines
PubMed: 19627181
DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.68 -
Clinical Therapeutics May 2015The goal of this article was to review the key clinical trials that resulted in the recent recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The goal of this article was to review the key clinical trials that resulted in the recent recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to vaccinate all adults aged ≥65 years with the 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in addition to the previously recommended 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23).
METHODS
Pertinent articles were identified through searches of EMBASE and MEDLINE by using the terms pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, and PCV13. Searches were limited to articles published between January 1, 2013, and January 31, 2015, and were limited to clinical trials. Resources from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's ACIP recommendations and cited references were also reviewed.
FINDINGS
Recent clinical trials have focused on the order of administration of PPSV23 and PCV13, comparisons in immunogenicity of PPSV23 and PCV13, and efficacy of PCV13 in adults aged ≥65 years. Immunogenicity trials have shown that PCV13 elicits an equal or greater immune response than PPSV23 for most of the serotypes that both vaccines share. The evidence suggests that PCV13 should be administered before PPSV23 when possible. Most recently, clinical data demonstrated the efficacy of PCV13 in adults aged ≥65 years.
IMPLICATIONS
Recent randomized clinical trials and disease trends have prompted the ACIP to recommend that all adults aged ≥65 years receive a single dose of PCV13. This is in addition to the previous recommended single dose of PPSV23 in the same population. The ACIP and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention plan to monitor disease trends and clinical data to determine if this recommendation will need to be changed in the future.
Topics: Advisory Committees; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Practice Guidelines as Topic; United States; Vaccination; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 25913921
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.03.025 -
13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a review of its use in infants, children, and adolescents.Paediatric Drugs Oct 2013The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevenar 13(®); Prevnar 13(®)) [PCV13] includes 13 serotype-specific polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae... (Review)
Review
The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevenar 13(®); Prevnar 13(®)) [PCV13] includes 13 serotype-specific polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugated individually to non-toxic diphtheria CRM197 protein, thus providing wider coverage of pneumococcal serotypes than its 7-valent predecessor (PCV7). For pediatric populations, PCV13 was initially approved for use in infants and children up to 5 years of age, but recently received approval for expanded use (ages 6 weeks to 17 years) in the EU and the USA. This change in labeling was made primarily on the basis of results of Study 3011, which demonstrated the serotype-specific immunogenicity of a single dose of PCV13 in children ≥5 to <10 years of age who had previously received PCV7. Study 3011 also demonstrated functional immune responses after a single dose of PCV13 in a cohort ≥10 to <18 years of age who had not previously received PCV7. Importantly, prior to Study 3011, several randomized studies comparing PCV13 and PCV7 in infants and younger children demonstrated noninferiority of immune responses to the seven serotypes common to both vaccines after a two- or three-dose primary infant series and after the toddler booster dose; immunogenicity and functional immune responses were also demonstrated for the six additional serotypes. The safety and reactogenicity of PCV13 was generally similar to that of PCV7, and PCV13 did not interfere with the immune responses to coadministered routine pediatric vaccines. PCV13 is expected to substantially reduce the incidence of invasive pneumococcal diseases in a manner similar to that which occurred after PCV7 was introduced, and evidence of the protective effectiveness of PCV13 against pneumococcal diseases is emerging.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Humans; Infant; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 24030738
DOI: 10.1007/s40272-013-0047-z -
Expert Review of Vaccines Sep 2013Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the etiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal diseases such as septicemia and bacterial... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the etiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal diseases such as septicemia and bacterial meningitis. The increasing antibiotic resistance and the suboptimal efficacy or limited serotype coverage of currently available vaccines urgently requires novel approaches in exploring new antimicrobials, therapeutic intervention strategies and vaccines. The current vaccine development strategies rely on the hypothesis that surface-exposed proteins, which are essential for pneumococcal virulence, are the most suitable candidates for future protein-based vaccines. Since virulence is closely linked with bacterial fitness, the potential of a pathogen to colonize and infect the host depends further on its physiology. This review summarizes the application of genome-wide techniques and their exploitation to decipher fundamental insights into bacterial factors associated with fitness, metabolism and virulence, leading to the discovery of vaccine candidates or antimicrobials.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Discovery; Humans; Metabolomics; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 24053399
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.824708 -
Nagoya Journal of Medical Science Aug 2020is the most common pathogen for community-acquired pneumonia and is also common in nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Pneumococcal vaccine shows clinical...
is the most common pathogen for community-acquired pneumonia and is also common in nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Pneumococcal vaccine shows clinical benefit and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) has been introduced in a routine immunization program in Japan. However, uptake of PPSV23 remains low, at 40%. One opportunity for capturing unvaccinated subjects is hospital referrals. Identifying factors associated with pneumococcal vaccination among referred subjects is thus important so that pulmonologists can maximize the capture of unvaccinated subjects. We retrospectively reviewed the records of subjects with a first referral to the Department of Respiratory Medicine at Hiratsuka City Hospital from September 2017 to March 2018. Subjects who were ≥65 years old and lived in Hiratsuka were included in this study. We compared the backgrounds of subjects and investigated factors associated with pneumococcal vaccination. A total of 142 individuals were included in this study and the pneumococcal vaccination rate was 44.4% (95% confidence interval (CI), 36.0-52.9%). Of these, 127 subjects regularly visited clinics and/or hospitals for any diseases and their pneumococcal vaccine rate was 44.1% (95%CI, 35.3-53.2%). In multivariate analysis, chronic respiratory diseases (odds ratio 5.7; 95%CI, 2.2-14.9, P<0.001) and receipt of PPSV23 notification (odds ratio 8.5; 95%CI, 2.5-29.0, P<0.001) were positively associated with pneumococcal vaccination. In conclusion, chronic respiratory diseases and receipt of PPSV23 notification were positively associated with pneumococcal vaccination. However, pneumococcal vaccination rates remain relatively low, even in subjects regularly visiting clinics and/or hospitals.
Topics: Community-Acquired Infections; Humans; Multivariate Analysis; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Retrospective Studies; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 33132431
DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.82.3.469