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MMWR. Recommendations and Reports :... Dec 2010On February 24, 2010, a 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (PCV13 [Prevnar 13, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc., marketed by Pfizer Inc.]) was...
Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children - use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine - recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
On February 24, 2010, a 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (PCV13 [Prevnar 13, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc., marketed by Pfizer Inc.]) was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused among infants and young children by the 13 pneumococcal serotypes covered by the vaccine and for prevention of otitis media caused by serotypes also covered by the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine formulation (PCV7 [Prevnar, Wyeth]). PCV13 contains the seven serotypes included in PCV7 (serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) and six additional serotypes (serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A). PCV13 is approved for use among children aged 6 weeks-71 months and supersedes PCV7, which was licensed by FDA in 2000. This report summarizes recommendations approved by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on February 24, 2010, for the use of PCV13 to prevent pneumococcal disease in infants and young children aged <6 years. Recommendations include 1) routine vaccination of all children aged 2-59 months, 2) vaccination of children aged 60-71 months with underlying medical conditions, and 3) vaccination of children who received ≥1 dose of PCV7 previously (CDC. Licensure of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV13] and recommendations for use among children-Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP], 2010. MMWR 2010;59:258-61). Recommendations also are provided for targeted use of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23, formerly PPV23) in children aged 2-18 years with underlying medical conditions that increase their risk for contracting pneumococcal disease or experiencing complications of pneumococcal disease if infected. The ACIP recommendation for routine vaccination with PCV13 and the immunization schedules for children aged ≤59 months who have not received any previous PCV7 or PCV13 doses are the same as those published previously for PCV7 (CDC. Preventing pneumococcal disease among infants and young children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 2000;49[No. RR-9]; CDC. Updated recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP] for use of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV7] in children aged 24-59 months who are not completely vaccinated. MMWR 2008;57:343-4), with PCV13 replacing PCV7 for all doses. For routine immunization of infants, PCV13 is recommended as a 4-dose series at ages 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months. Infants and children who have received ≥1 dose of PCV7 should complete the immunization series with PCV13. A single supplemental dose of PCV13 is recommended for all children aged 14-59 months who have received 4 doses of PCV7 or another age-appropriate, complete PCV7 schedule. For children who have underlying medical conditions, a supplemental PCV13 dose is recommended through age 71 months. Children aged 2-18 years with underlying medical conditions also should receive PPSV23 after completing all recommended doses of PCV13.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; Serotyping; Streptococcus pneumoniae; United States
PubMed: 21150868
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Oct 2013
Topics: Hospitalization; Humans; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; United Kingdom; United States
PubMed: 23940234
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304968 -
Vaccine Aug 2018Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are severe respiratory diseases, and ILD patients are treated with corticosteroid and immunosuppressive agents. However, it is unclear...
BACKGROUND
Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are severe respiratory diseases, and ILD patients are treated with corticosteroid and immunosuppressive agents. However, it is unclear whether these medications influence the response of pneumococcal vaccine.
OBJECTIVES
We examined the immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccines (PPSV23 and PCV13) in ILD patients undergoing immunosuppressive treatment.
METHODS
ILD patients who were regularly followed at the outpatient clinic were enrolled. Sera were collected before and 4-8 weeks after vaccination. Serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations against pneumococcal serotype 19F were measured by ELISA.
RESULTS
IgG concentrations to serotype 19F were increased in all groups in response to the vaccine. Both PCV13 and PPSV23 induced IgG concentrations in patients immunized for the first time. Response rates for the ILD group were comparable with those for the ILD group undergoing corticosteroid therapy. Only idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy had a significantly lower response.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Male; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines
PubMed: 29983256
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.062 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Nov 2008Pneumococcal disease is a major health problem worldwide. Large, rapid declines in overall invasive pneumococcal disease and mucosal disease in children, reductions in... (Review)
Review
Pneumococcal disease is a major health problem worldwide. Large, rapid declines in overall invasive pneumococcal disease and mucosal disease in children, reductions in vaccine-type disease in unvaccinated children and adults (indirect effects) and significant drops in antibiotic-resistant infections were observed after the introduction of a safe, available and immunogenic seven-valent pneumococcal vaccine. The determination of vaccine efficacy is a complex process, which includes efficacy, immunogenicity, safety, cross-reactivity, indirect effects and substantial geographic variation in serotype coverage. In this report, we perform an overview of the literature on current, investigational and potential candidate pneumococcal conjugated vaccines (PCVs). Every country should have its own strong and sustained surveillance system implemented to monitor the effects of vaccination on the frequency of vaccine and nonvaccine serotypes for invasive or mucosal disease, nasopharyngeal carriage and the indirect effects before and after introduction of PCV. New PCVs (PHiD-CV and PCV-13) may provide even greater coverage worldwide, especially in developing countries. Vaccine experts' efforts are currently focused on developing alternative vaccine strategies against pneumococcal infections, especially the development of vaccines based on pneumococcal proteins.
Topics: Humans; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 18980540
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1367 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy May 2012The inclusion of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in the immunization schedule of infants and young children has greatly reduced the incidence of...
INTRODUCTION
The inclusion of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in the immunization schedule of infants and young children has greatly reduced the incidence of invasive and non-invasive diseases due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, as PCV7 has some limitations, new vaccines containing more pneumococcal serotypes have been developed. Only two of these have so far reached the market: a 10-valent preparation containing the PCV7 serotypes plus serotypes 1, 5 and 7F (PCV10), and a 13-valent vaccine containing the PCV7 serotypes plus serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F and 19A (PCV13).
AREAS COVERED
The main aim of this review is to discuss the reasons that have led to the formulation of PCV13, its immunogenicity, safety and tolerability and the recommendations concerning its use in children.
EXPERT OPINION
There is no doubt that a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine with the composition of PCV13 has significantly increased the possibility of preventing pneumococcal disease. Its immunogenicity, safety and tolerability seem to be optimal, as does its cost-effectiveness. However, despite these favorable premises, it cannot be considered the final preparation for the prevention of pneumococcal disease, and it is likely that a new vaccine capable of covering all pneumococcal serotypes will be needed in the future.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Pneumococcal Vaccines
PubMed: 22397739
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.670217 -
Infectious Diseases (London, England) Sep 2019Patients suffering from Crohn's disease (CD) are at increased risk of infectious diseases, such as pneumococcal infection. The risk increases with immunotherapy.... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Patients suffering from Crohn's disease (CD) are at increased risk of infectious diseases, such as pneumococcal infection. The risk increases with immunotherapy. Pneumococcal infection can be prevented by vaccination. We conducted a randomized trial of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV13) in groups of CD patients treated with immunosuppressive (IS) drugs in the form of thiopurines (PPV23 = 28, PCV13 = 28) alone or in combination with TNF-α antagonists (PPV23 = 13, PCV13 = 13) and CD patients not treated with any of these drugs (untreated) (PPV23 = 30, PCV13 = 24). In this article, we report the immunogenicity of PPC23 and PCV13 one year after vaccination. No overall differences in vaccine-induced serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies or functional antibodies (opsonophagocytic activity (OPA)) were found between the two vaccines. PCV13 induced a higher concentration of IgG antibodies for serotype 9V than PPV23 in untreated patients. In contrast, PPV23 induced higher OPA for serotypes 6B and 19F than PCV13 in IS treated patients. Untreated patients showed generally higher IgG and OPA antibody levels than patients treated with IS and TNF-α antagonists. In conclusion, we found no general differences in the persistence of induced antibodies when comparing PPV23 with PCV13 regardless of treatment and also within treatment groups (IS, IS + TNF-α and untreated). This was demonstrated for both serotype-specific IgG antibodies and as functional antibodies (OPA). Patients treated with thiopurines in combination with TNF-α inhibitors have an impaired immune response against both PPV23 and PCV13, as compared to untreated patients. This study has been registered in the European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT, record no 2012-002867-86) and ClinicalTrials.gov (record no. NCT01947010).
Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Crohn Disease; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Serogroup
PubMed: 31290715
DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1638519 -
PloS One 2015Efficient vaccine delivery to mucosal tissues including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues is essential for the development of mucosal vaccine. We previously reported...
Efficient vaccine delivery to mucosal tissues including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues is essential for the development of mucosal vaccine. We previously reported that claudin-4 was highly expressed on the epithelium of nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and thus claudin-4-targeting using C-terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (C-CPE) effectively delivered fused antigen to NALT and consequently induced antigen-specific immune responses. In this study, we applied the C-CPE-based vaccine delivery system to develop a nasal pneumococcal vaccine. We fused C-CPE with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), an important antigen for the induction of protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, (PspA-C-CPE). PspA-C-CPE binds to claudin-4 and thus efficiently attaches to NALT epithelium, including antigen-sampling M cells. Nasal immunization with PspA-C-CPE induced PspA-specific IgG in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as IgA in the nasal wash and BALF. These immune responses were sufficient to protect against pneumococcal infection. These results suggest that C-CPE is an efficient vaccine delivery system for the development of nasal vaccines against pneumococcal infection.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Claudin-4; Drug Delivery Systems; Enterotoxins; Female; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 26018248
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126352 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jun 2008
Topics: Child; Humans; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 18552896
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Tropical... Dec 2015The incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults is a key driver for the cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine used among children. We sought to...
The incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults is a key driver for the cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine used among children. We sought to obtain more accurate incidence estimates among adults by including results of pneumococcal urine antigen testing (UAT) from population-based pneumonia surveillance in two Thai provinces. Active surveillance from 2006 to 2011 identified acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI)-related hospital admissions. Adult cases of pneumococcal pneumonia were defined as hospitalized ALRI patients aged ≥ 18 years with isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood or with positive UAT. Among 39,525 adult ALRI patients, we identified 481 pneumococcal pneumonia cases (105 by blood culture, 376 by UAT only). Estimated incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations was 30.5 cases per 100,000 persons per year (2.2 and 28.3 cases per 100,000 persons per year by blood culture and UAT, respectively). Incidence varied between 22.7 in 2007 and 43.5 in 2010, and increased with age to over 150 per 100,000 persons per year among persons aged ≥ 70 years. Viral coinfections including influenza A/B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenovirus occurred in 11% (44/409) of pneumococcal pneumonia cases tested. Use of UAT to identify cases of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults in rural Thailand substantially increases estimates of pneumococcal pneumonia burden, thereby informing cost-effectiveness analyses and vaccine policy decisions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Rural Population; Thailand; Young Adult
PubMed: 26503277
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0429 -
Infectious Disorders Drug Targets 2019Pneumonias are the most frequent infectious diseases, characterized by a high prevalence especially among children and adults at risk. The socio-economic impact caused...
BACKGROUND
Pneumonias are the most frequent infectious diseases, characterized by a high prevalence especially among children and adults at risk. The socio-economic impact caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is evaluated in terms of morbidity, death rate and hospitalizations.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to demonstrate the potential economic advantages by implementation of an active anti-pneumococcal 13-valent vaccine strategy in Campania region (Southern Italy) in two different categories of subjects, children (aged 0-12), and adults (aged 50- 79) at risk (hypertension, nephropathies, COPD and heart diseases).
METHODS
Vaccination costs were compared with costs necessary to treat avoidable diseases in the presence and absence of a vaccination program.
RESULTS
Offering anti-pneumococcal 13-valent vaccine to the paediatric population was quantified as saving one million euros for Italian national health service in two years. In addition, offering anti-pneumococcal vaccine to adults at risk would generate a return of around 29 million euros.
CONCLUSION
In both cases, offering anti-pneumococcal 13-valent vaccine was proven to be a helpful political health strategy, not only in consideration of a reduction of cases but also in view of the favourable economic impacts.
Topics: Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Italy; Middle Aged; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; State Medicine; Vaccination
PubMed: 30124160
DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666180820161630