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Clinics in Chest Medicine Dec 2021Pneumothorax is a common problem worldwide. Pneumothorax develops secondary to diverse aetiologies; in many cases, there may be no recognizable lung abnormality. The... (Review)
Review
Pneumothorax is a common problem worldwide. Pneumothorax develops secondary to diverse aetiologies; in many cases, there may be no recognizable lung abnormality. The pathogenetic mechanism(s) causing spontaneous pneumothorax may be related to an interplay between lung-related abnormalities and environmental factors such as smoking. Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for primary spontaneous pneumothorax; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is most frequently associated with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. This review article provides an overview of the historical perspective, epidemiology, classification, and aetiology of pneumothorax. It also aims to highlight current knowledge and understanding of underlying risks and pathophysiological mechanisms in pneumothorax development.
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases; Pneumothorax; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 34774177
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2021.08.007 -
Topics in Companion Animal Medicine Nov 2021Spontaneous pneumothorax, which may have an acute or insidious onset in dogs and cats, results in respiratory difficulty and has the potential to be life threatening.... (Review)
Review
Spontaneous pneumothorax, which may have an acute or insidious onset in dogs and cats, results in respiratory difficulty and has the potential to be life threatening. Dogs commonly develop spontaneous pneumothorax due to bullae or blebs, while cats typically have underlying inflammatory disease, like feline allergic airway disease. Urgent therapeutic intervention is essential in animals with respiratory distress. The recommended therapeutic strategies are typically different in each of these species due to underlying etiology. The first part of this review article will focus on physiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs and cats. Advances in diagnostics, especially the recent utility of point of care ultrasound, will be discussed. The second part of the series will provide an overview of therapeutic options and management of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, as well as information on prognosis.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Pneumothorax
PubMed: 34303864
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100563 -
Clinics in Chest Medicine Dec 2021Pneumothorax is a common medical condition encountered in a wide variety of clinical presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to life threatening. When symptomatic, it... (Review)
Review
Pneumothorax is a common medical condition encountered in a wide variety of clinical presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to life threatening. When symptomatic, it is important to remove air from the pleural space and provide re-expansion of the lung. Additionally, patients who experience a spontaneous pneumothorax are at high risk for recurrence, so treatment goals also include recurrence prevention. Several recent studies have evaluated less invasive management strategies for pneumothorax, including conservative or outpatient management. Future studies may help to identify who is greatest at risk for recurrence and direct earlier definitive management strategies, including thoracoscopic surgery, to those patients.
Topics: Humans; Outpatients; Pneumothorax; Recurrence
PubMed: 34774178
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2021.08.008 -
Topics in Companion Animal Medicine Nov 2021This review article will review treatment and prognosis of spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs and cats. The advantages of surgical and medical management in dogs and cats,... (Review)
Review
This review article will review treatment and prognosis of spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs and cats. The advantages of surgical and medical management in dogs and cats, as well as current treatment practices, including autologous blood pleurodesis and small-bore chest tubes, will be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Pneumothorax; Prognosis
PubMed: 34509664
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100582 -
Respiration; International Review of... 2008Pneumothorax represents a common clinical problem. An overview of relevant and updated information on epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of spontaneous... (Review)
Review
Pneumothorax represents a common clinical problem. An overview of relevant and updated information on epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of spontaneous (primary and secondary), catamenial, and traumatic (iatrogenic and noniatrogenic) pneumothorax is given.
Topics: Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Menstrual Cycle; Pneumothorax; Thoracic Injuries
PubMed: 18708734
DOI: 10.1159/000135932 -
European Respiratory Review : An... Sep 2010Spontaneous pneumothorax represents a common clinical problem. An overview of relevant and updated information on epidemiology, pathophysiology and cause(s) of... (Review)
Review
Spontaneous pneumothorax represents a common clinical problem. An overview of relevant and updated information on epidemiology, pathophysiology and cause(s) of spontaneous (primary and secondary) pneumothorax is described.
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases; Pneumothorax
PubMed: 20956196
DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00005310 -
Annals of Surgery Jun 2015To determine whether the reported clinical presentation of tension pneumothorax differs between patients who are breathing unassisted versus receiving assisted... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the reported clinical presentation of tension pneumothorax differs between patients who are breathing unassisted versus receiving assisted ventilation.
BACKGROUND
Animal studies suggest that the pathophysiology and physical signs of tension pneumothorax differ by subject ventilatory status.
METHODS
We searched electronic databases through to October 15, 2013 for observational studies and case reports/series reporting clinical manifestations of tension pneumothorax. Two physicians independently extracted clinical manifestations reported at diagnosis.
RESULTS
We identified 5 cohort studies (n = 310 patients) and 156 case series/reports of 183 cases of tension pneumothorax (n = 86 breathing unassisted, n = 97 receiving assisted ventilation). Hypoxia was reported among 43 (50.0%) cases of tension pneumothorax who were breathing unassisted versus 89 (91.8%) receiving assisted ventilation (P < 0.001). Pulmonary dysfunction progressed to respiratory arrest in 9.3% of cases breathing unassisted. As compared to cases who were breathing unassisted, the adjusted odds of hypotension and cardiac arrest were 12.6 (95% confidence interval, 5.8-27.5) and 17.7 (95% confidence interval, 4.0-78.4) times higher among cases receiving assisted ventilation. One cohort study reported that none of the patients with tension pneumothorax who were breathing unassisted versus 39.6% of those receiving assisted ventilation presented without an arterial pulse. In contrast to cases breathing unassisted, the majority (70.4%) of those receiving assisted ventilation who experienced hypotension or cardiac arrest developed these signs within minutes of clinical presentation.
DISCUSSION
The reported clinical presentation of tension pneumothorax depends on the ventilatory status of the patient. This may have implications for improving the diagnosis and treatment of this life-threatening disorder.
Topics: Humans; Pneumothorax; Respiration, Artificial
PubMed: 25563887
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001073 -
Compendium (Yardley, PA) May 2009Pneumothorax may be classified as open or closed and as traumatic, spontaneous, or iatrogenic. The most common cause of pneumothorax is thoracic trauma. Spontaneous... (Review)
Review
Pneumothorax may be classified as open or closed and as traumatic, spontaneous, or iatrogenic. The most common cause of pneumothorax is thoracic trauma. Spontaneous pneumothorax is often a result of bullous emphysema, and iatrogenic pneumothorax is an important complication of procedures involving the thoracic cavity. Most animals present with tachypnea, tachycardia, respiratory distress, and anxiety. Radiography and thoracocentesis are useful diagnostic aids. Traumatic and iatrogenic pneumothorax are commonly treated with thoracocentesis or thoracostomy tube placement. Spontaneous pneumothorax usually requires surgical resection of the affected lobe(s). The prognosis for traumatic pneumothorax is excellent if there are no other life-threatening injuries; for spontaneous pneumothorax, the prognosis depends on the underlying cause and method of treatment. The prognosis for iatrogenic pneumothorax is considered good.Pneumothorax is classified as open or closed and according to the causative mechanism. Open pneumothorax results from a penetrating thoracic injury that permits entry of air into the chest, while closed pneumothorax is the accumulation of air originating from the respiratory system within the pleural space. In some cases, the air may come from both sources (e.g., severe thoracic bite wounds with lung punctures).
Topics: Animals; Pneumothorax; Prognosis; Thoracic Injuries; Thoracostomy
PubMed: 19517417
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Emergency Medicine May 2023
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Zentralblatt Fur Chirurgie Sep 2014The presence of air between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura with consecutive retraction of the lung from the chest wall is called pneumothorax. Regarding the... (Review)
Review
The presence of air between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura with consecutive retraction of the lung from the chest wall is called pneumothorax. Regarding the genesis of the pneumothorax, a distinction is drawn between spontaneous and traumatic pneumothorax. The spontaneous pneumothorax is, depending on whether a congenital or an acquired pulmonary disease can be found, grouped into a primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) without underlying lung disease and a secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) with the presence of a known lung disease. The traumatic pneumothorax is classified, depending on the cause, into penetrating and non-penetrating (blunt) traumatic events. A special form of the traumatic pneumothorax is the iatrogenic pneumothorax occurring as a result of diagnostic and/or therapeutic interventions. Clinically, a pneumothorax can range from an asymptomatic to an acute life-threatening situation. The required initial measures depend primarily on the patient's clinical condition. They vary from immediate insertion of a chest tube to wait and see with monitoring. The insertion of a chest tube is still the accepted therapeutic standard, but other procedures like aspiration of air through a needle or small catheter, particularly for small spontaneous pneumothoraces, represent alternative therapy options as well. The short-term goal is to treat possibly existing dyspnea and pain; in the long run a recurrence of the pneumothorax should be prevented. Until now, no uniform treatment algorithms or standardised therapy principles exist to achieve the therapeutic intentions of lung expansion and freedom from pain and late relapse.
Topics: Chest Tubes; Humans; Pleurodesis; Pneumothorax; Recurrence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25264729
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1383029