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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2000Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is now recognized as a significant problem in certain adult populations. These include the elderly, persons with cardiopulmonary... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is now recognized as a significant problem in certain adult populations. These include the elderly, persons with cardiopulmonary diseases, and immunocompromised hosts. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the impact of RSV in older adults may be similar to that of nonpandemic influenza. In addition, RSV has been found to cause 2 to 5% of adult community-acquired pneumonias. Attack rates in nursing homes are approximately 5 to 10% per year, with significant rates of pneumonia (10 to 20%) and death (2 to 5%). Clinical features may be difficult to distinguish from those of influenza but include nasal congestion, cough, wheezing, and low-grade fever. Bone marrow transplant patients prior to marrow engraftment are at highest risk for pneumonia and death. Diagnosis of RSV infection in adults is difficult because viral culture and antigen detection are insensitive, presumably due to low viral titers in nasal secretions, but early bronchoscopy is valuable in immunosuppressed patients. Treatment of RSV in the elderly is largely supportive, whereas early therapy with ribavirin and intravenous gamma globulin is associated with improved survival in immunocompromised persons. An effective RSV vaccine has not yet been developed, and thus prevention of RSV infection is limited to standard infection control practices such as hand washing and the use of gowns and gloves.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Vaccination
PubMed: 10885982
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.13.3.371 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Aug 2019To date, four subgroups of avian metapneumoviruses have been defined (AMPV-A, B, C and D) based on genetic and antigenic differences. The extent of infection in the...
To date, four subgroups of avian metapneumoviruses have been defined (AMPV-A, B, C and D) based on genetic and antigenic differences. The extent of infection in the three principal species (turkeys, chickens and ducks) by these subgroups is, however, not well defined. Here, a series of controlled and ethically approved experimental infections were performed in specific pathogen-free turkeys, chickens and ducks with each of the four AMPV subgroups. For subgroup C, one strain isolated from turkeys in the USA (turkey AMPV-C) and one isolated from ducks in France (duck AMPV-C) were compared. Globally, these extensive experimental trials demonstrated that AMPV-A, B, turkey C and D were well adapted to Galliformes, especially turkeys; however, chickens showed limited clinical signs and differences in seroconversion and transmission. Notably, chickens did not transmit AMPV-A to contacts and were shown for the first time to be susceptible to AMPV-D. The duck AMPV-C was well adapted to ducks; however, chickens and turkeys seroconverted and were positive by virus isolation. In addition, seroconversion of contact turkeys to duck AMPV-C demonstrated horizontal transmission of this virus in a non-palmiped species under our experimental conditions. Interestingly, in chickens and turkeys, duck AMPV-C isolation was possible despite a lack of detection of viral RNA. Likewise, the turkey AMPV-C virus was well adapted to turkeys yet was also isolated from chickens despite a lack of detection of viral RNA. These results would suggest a selection for viral genetic sequences that differ from the original strain upon adaptation to a 'non-conventional host'.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Chlorocebus aethiops; Ducks; Host Specificity; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Poultry Diseases; RNA, Viral; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Serial Passage; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Turkeys; Vero Cells
PubMed: 30777452
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1584390 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Apr 2002The available detection methods for avian pneumoviruses (turkey rhinotracheitis virus; genus Metapneumovirus) in turkeys, domestic fowl and other species are reviewed.... (Review)
Review
The available detection methods for avian pneumoviruses (turkey rhinotracheitis virus; genus Metapneumovirus) in turkeys, domestic fowl and other species are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of virus isolation techniques, virus or genome (polymerase chain reaction) detection and serology are discussed. Some of the problems likely to be encountered are considered, including the detection of yet to be discovered subtypes, as are the factors that are likely to influence the outcome of the work.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Pneumovirus; Pneumovirus Infections; Poultry Diseases; Turkeys
PubMed: 12396356
DOI: 10.1080/03079450120118603 -
Viruses Dec 2021Pneumoviruses include pathogenic human and animal viruses, the most known and studied being the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and the metapneumovirus (hMPV),... (Review)
Review
Pneumoviruses include pathogenic human and animal viruses, the most known and studied being the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and the metapneumovirus (hMPV), which are the major cause of severe acute respiratory tract illness in young children worldwide, and main pathogens infecting elderly and immune-compromised people. The transcription and replication of these viruses take place in specific cytoplasmic inclusions called inclusion bodies (IBs). These activities depend on viral polymerase L, associated with its cofactor phosphoprotein P, for the recognition of the viral RNA genome encapsidated by the nucleoprotein N, forming the nucleocapsid (NC). The polymerase activities rely on diverse transient protein-protein interactions orchestrated by P playing the hub role. Among these interactions, P interacts with the NC to recruit L to the genome. The P protein also plays the role of chaperone to maintain the neosynthesized N monomeric and RNA-free (called N) before specific encapsidation of the viral genome and antigenome. This review aims at giving an overview of recent structural information obtained for hRSV and hMPV P, N, and more specifically for P-NC and N-P complexes that pave the way for the rational design of new antivirals against those viruses.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Drug Design; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Models, Molecular; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Phosphoproteins; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; RNA, Viral; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Transcription, Genetic; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34960719
DOI: 10.3390/v13122449 -
Viruses Nov 2012The bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family... (Review)
Review
The bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. BRSV has been recognized as a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves since the early 1970s. The analysis of BRSV infection was originally hampered by its characteristic lability and poor growth in vitro. However, the advent of numerous immunological and molecular methods has facilitated the study of BRSV enormously. The knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, attenuated virus vaccine candidates. Nonetheless, many aspects of the epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of the virus are still not fully understood. The natural course of infection is rather complex and further complicates diagnosis, treatment and the implementation of preventive measures aimed to control the disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which BRSV is able to establish infection is needed to prevent viral and disease spread. This review discusses important information regarding the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of BRSV worldwide, and it highlights the importance of viral evolution in virus transmission.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Molecular Epidemiology; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine
PubMed: 23202546
DOI: 10.3390/v4123452 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Oct 2005Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a pathogenic respiratory virus, discovered in 2001. The virus is part of the family paramyxoviridae and is comparatively closely related... (Review)
Review
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a pathogenic respiratory virus, discovered in 2001. The virus is part of the family paramyxoviridae and is comparatively closely related to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The clinical manifestations of a hMPV infection are rather similar to infections caused by RSV, ranging from mild upper airway disease to severe pneumonia. Detection of hMPV RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the only established routine diagnostic method. The virus is easily cultivated in several types of cell culture lines, however, cell pathology (cytopathic effect) is irregularly observed. Our department has developed an indirect immunofluorescence test based on polyvalent rabbit antibodies. This method appears to give reliable results, detecting hMPV both in cell culture and directly on patient samples. Nasopharyngeal aspirate is the preferred material for diagnostic purposes in small children. A nasopharyngeal swab, or alternatively a throat swab, can be used for older children and adults. Samples from lower airways are appropriate under special circumstances. Serology is not available for routine diagnostic use.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Child; Humans; Infant; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rabbits; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 16244676
DOI: No ID Found -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Dec 2023A monoclonal antibody for universal respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in infants has recently been licensed. We share our experiences of integrating nirsevimab...
Early lessons from the implementation of universal respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in infants with long-acting monoclonal antibodies, Galicia, Spain, September and October 2023.
A monoclonal antibody for universal respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in infants has recently been licensed. We share our experiences of integrating nirsevimab into the regional immunisation programme in Galicia, Spain. After a 3-week hospital-based immunisation campaign with flexible individualised appointments and educational activities, nirsevimab uptake was 97.5% in the high-risk group, 81.4% in the catch-up group and 92.6% in infants born during the campaign. This successful implementation strategy can serve as a model and may inform other countries' programmatic deliberations.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Palivizumab; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Spain; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Antiviral Agents; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 38062942
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.49.2300606 -
Archives of Virology Oct 2020The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway is a crucial signalling cascade that regulates transcription, protein translation, cell growth, proliferation, cell survival, and... (Review)
Review
The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway is a crucial signalling cascade that regulates transcription, protein translation, cell growth, proliferation, cell survival, and metabolism. During viral infection, viruses exploit a variety of cellular pathways, including the well-known PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Conversely, cells rely on this pathway to stimulate an antiviral response. The PI3K/Akt pathway is manipulated by a number of viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses and retroviruses. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information about the role of the PI3K-Akt pathway in infection with members of five different families of negative-sense ssRNA viruses. This pathway is hijacked for viral entry, regulation of endocytosis, suppression of premature apoptosis, viral protein expression, and replication. Although less common, the PI3K/Akt pathway can be downregulated as an immunomodulatory strategy or as a mechanism for inducing autophagy. Moreover, the cell activates this pathway as an antiviral strategy for interferon and cytokine production, among other strategies. Here, we present new data concerning the role of this pathway in infection with the paramyxovirus Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Our data seem to indicate that NDV uses the PI3K/Akt pathway to delay cell death and increase cell survival as a means of improving its replication. The interference of negative-sense ssRNA viruses with this essential pathway might have implications for the development of antiviral therapies.
Topics: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cytokines; Endocytosis; Filoviridae; Gene Expression Regulation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Interferons; Orthomyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; Pneumovirinae; Protein Biosynthesis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; RNA Virus Infections; Rhabdoviridae; Signal Transduction; Viral Proteins; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32740830
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04740-1 -
Infectious Disorders Drug Targets Apr 2012Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, with no effective treatment or vaccine available. Steady progress... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, with no effective treatment or vaccine available. Steady progress has been made in understanding the respiratory syncytial virus lifecycle and the consequences of infection, but some areas of RSV still remain poorly understood. Although many of the interactions between virus proteins that are required for efficient RSV assembly have been elucidated, many questions still remain regarding viral assembly, as well as the mechanisms of RSV budding. This review will summarise the current understanding of RSV assembly, including the various interactions between virus proteins and the involvement of cellular factors with a view to identifying possible attenuation and/or drug targets within the assembly pathway.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Viral Proteins; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 22335497
DOI: 10.2174/187152612800100125 -
The Journal of Infection Jul 2002Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of respiratory tract infection in infants. We have an incomplete understanding of the reasons why some... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of respiratory tract infection in infants. We have an incomplete understanding of the reasons why some infants are more severely affected by RSV than others. There is no effective antiviral treatment for the infection. Advances in our understanding of the biology of RSV, particularly in relation to the attachment protein G and the fusion protein F, have revealed potential targets for new antiviral therapies and vaccine development. In response to RSV infection an intense inflammatory response is triggered, mediated initially by the infected airway epithelial cells. Cell mediated responses are important in controlling the extent of infection and in viral clearance. Humoral responses are important in protection. There is early evidence that genetic variation of the host response can influence the outcome of RSV-induced bronchiolitis.
Topics: Epithelial Cells; Genome, Viral; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory System
PubMed: 12217726
DOI: 10.1053/jinf.2002.1015