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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct 2008To explain the wide spectrum of disease severity caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and because of the limitations of animal models to fully parallel human RSV... (Review)
Review
To explain the wide spectrum of disease severity caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and because of the limitations of animal models to fully parallel human RSV disease, study of genetic influences on human RSV disease severity has begun. Candidate gene approaches have demonstrated associations of severe RSV in healthy infants with genetic polymorphisms that may alter the innate ability of humans to control RSV (surfactants, Toll-like receptor 4, cell surface adhesion molecules, and others) and those that may control differences in proinflammatory responses or enhanced immunopathology (specific cytokines and their receptors). These studies are reviewed. They are valuable since an understanding of the direction of a polymorphism's effect can help construct a meaningful human RSV disease pathogenesis model. However, the direction, degree, and significance of the statistical association for any given gene are equivocal among studies, and the functional significance of specific polymorphisms is often not even known. Polymorphism frequency distribution differences associated with RSV infection arising from diversity in the genetic background of the population may be confounded further by multiple-hypothesis testing and publication bias, as well as the investigator's perceived importance of a particular pathogenic disease process. Such problems highlight the limitation of the candidate gene approach and the need for an unbiased large-scale genome-wide association study to evaluate this important disease.
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Polymorphism, Genetic; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
PubMed: 18854487
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00017-08 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Feb 2016Molecular diagnostic tests have greatly increased our knowledge regarding the contribution of respiratory viruses in respiratory illnesses in children, mainly lower... (Review)
Review
Molecular diagnostic tests have greatly increased our knowledge regarding the contribution of respiratory viruses in respiratory illnesses in children, mainly lower respiratory tract infections. Respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus (RV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are predominant viral agents identified in children. Notwithstanding the importance of respiratory viruses in children, treatment and prophylactic options remain limited. These include palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody prophylactically administred to high risk children against RSV, vaccines and antivirals such as oseltamivir targeting influenza viruses.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Humans; Infant; Metapneumovirus; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 27039461
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Sep 2013Over the past several years a wide variety of molecular assays for the detection of respiratory viruses has reached the market. The tests described herein range from... (Review)
Review
Over the past several years a wide variety of molecular assays for the detection of respiratory viruses has reached the market. The tests described herein range from kits containing primers and probes detecting specific groups of viruses, to self-contained systems requiring specialized instruments that extract nucleic acids and perform the polymerase chain reaction with little operator input. Some of the tests target just the viruses involved in large yearly epidemics such as influenza, or specific groups of viruses such as the adenoviruses or parainfluenza viruses; others can detect most of the known respiratory viruses and some bacterial agents.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Automation; Coronaviridae; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Orthomyxoviridae; Pneumovirinae; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respirovirus; Rhinovirus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Virology
PubMed: 23931834
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2013.03.007 -
Journal of Virological Methods Jun 2022Quantifying proliferative virus particles is one of the most important experimental procedures in virology. Compared with classical overlay materials, newly developed...
Quantifying proliferative virus particles is one of the most important experimental procedures in virology. Compared with classical overlay materials, newly developed cellulose derivatives enable a plaque-forming assay to produce countable clear plaques easily. HEp-2 cells are widely used in plaque assays for human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It is crucial to use an overlay material to keep HEp-2 cell proliferation and prevent RSV particles from spreading over the fluid. Among four cellulose derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), we found that HPMC was the optimal overlay material because HPMC maintained HEp-2 cell proliferation and RSV infectivity. Although MCC was unsuitable for RSV, it assisted the plaque-forming by human metapneumovirus in TMPRSS2-expressing cells. Therefore, depending on the cells and viruses, it is necessary to use different overlay materials at varying concentrations.
Topics: Cellulose; Humans; Hypromellose Derivatives; Metapneumovirus; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 35358640
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114528 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Jul 2015As the most important viral cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and increasing recognition as important in the elderly and immunocompromised, respiratory... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus, an ongoing medical dilemma: an expert commentary on respiratory syncytial virus prophylactic and therapeutic pharmaceuticals currently in clinical trials.
As the most important viral cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and increasing recognition as important in the elderly and immunocompromised, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for a massive health burden worldwide. Prophylactic antibodies were successfully developed against RSV. However, their use is restricted to a small group of infants considered at high risk of severe RSV disease. There is still no specific therapeutics or vaccines to combat RSV. As such, it remains a major unmet medical need for most individuals. The World Health Organisations International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and PubMed were used to identify and review all RSV vaccine, prophylactic and therapeutic candidates currently in clinical trials. This review presents an expert commentary on all RSV-specific prophylactic and therapeutic candidates that have entered clinical trials since 2008.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 25847510
DOI: 10.1111/irv.12313 -
JAMA Health Forum Jun 2023
Topics: Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Immunization
PubMed: 37389862
DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.1582 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2023
Topics: Humans; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 36715631
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad010 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 1973
Review
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Coronaviridae; Humans; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Temperature; United States; Viral Vaccines; Virus Cultivation; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 4358652
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/128.5.674 -
PloS One 2016Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has been described as an important etiologic agent of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in young children and the...
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has been described as an important etiologic agent of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in young children and the elderly. Most of school-aged children might be introduced to HMPVs, and exacerbation with other viral or bacterial super-infection is common. However, our understanding of the molecular evolution of HMPVs remains limited. To address the comprehensive evolutionary dynamics of HMPVs, we report a genome-wide analysis of the eight genes (N, P, M, F, M2, SH, G, and L) using 103 complete genome sequences. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the eight genes from one HMPV strain grouped into the same genetic group among the five distinct lineages (A1, A2a, A2b, B1, and B2). A few exceptions of phylogenetic incongruence might suggest past recombination events, and we detected possible recombination breakpoints in the F, SH, and G coding regions. The five genetic lineages of HMPVs shared quite remote common ancestors ranging more than 220 to 470 years of age with the most recent origins for the A2b sublineage. Purifying selection was common, but most protein genes except the F and M2-2 coding regions also appeared to experience episodic diversifying selection. Taken together, these suggest that the five lineages of HMPVs maintain their individual evolutionary dynamics and that recombination and selection forces might work on shaping the genetic diversity of HMPVs.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Viral; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Nasopharynx; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 27046055
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152962 -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... 1968
Review
Topics: Animals; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 4874221
DOI: No ID Found