-
Ciba Clinical Symposia 1951
Topics: Child; Humans; Poisoning; Poisons
PubMed: 14822126
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Feb 1991
Topics: Accidents; Child, Preschool; Hospitalization; Household Products; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Poisoning; Poisons; Safety
PubMed: 2001118
DOI: 10.1136/adc.66.2.263 -
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 2010The kidney is able to rapidly eliminate many water-soluble xenobiotics (exogenous chemicals). However, in the face of extraordinary serum concentrations of these... (Review)
Review
The kidney is able to rapidly eliminate many water-soluble xenobiotics (exogenous chemicals). However, in the face of extraordinary serum concentrations of these xenobiotics or renal dysfunction, alternative elimination techniques often become necessary. Extracorporeal removal (ECR) techniques are used to increase the clearance of xenobiotics. These techniques include hemodialysis (HD), charcoal hemoperfusion (HP), and modalities grouped under the heading of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT): continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). Extracorporeal removal is limited to patients with significant or potentially significant clinical poisoning because the resources required to perform ECR are great. Therefore, most patients who are treated with these techniques are being cared for in intensive care units (ICUs). Our goal in this review is to discuss the properties that make xenobiotics amenable to removal by ECR and the advantages and disadvantages of the individual techniques. We discuss xenobiotics that constitute clear indications for ECR, including the toxic alcohols, salicylates, and lithium. We review the use of CRRT, a modality for which clear indications for treatment of poisonings are currently lacking.
Topics: Extracorporeal Circulation; Humans; Poisoning; Poisons; Renal Replacement Therapy; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 20444738
DOI: 10.1177/0885066609359592 -
Therapeutische Umschau. Revue... Sep 1994Accidental ingestions of noxious substances are frequent events during childhood, especially in children one to three years of age. In contrast, severe symptoms and a...
Accidental ingestions of noxious substances are frequent events during childhood, especially in children one to three years of age. In contrast, severe symptoms and a serious outcome of these intoxications have been observed rather rarely; therefore, it is very important to avoid unnecessary and potentially harmful therapeutic measures. An extensive body of information has been collected nationally and internationally, allowing an accurate risk assessment in a constantly increasing number of cases. If there is need for treatment at all, the early application of activated charcoal (dose: 1 g/kg body weight) will efficiently inhibit absorption of noxious substances in most instances. Whereas the first dose of activated charcoal is administered to block absorption, repeated administration (0.5 g/kg body weight, every 2 to 4 hours) has been shown to shorten half-life and enhance the nonrenal clearance of chemically different substances even after absorption. Only few substances like heavy metals, lithium, or alcohols are not adsorbed by activated charcoal. Whole bowel irrigation may be a valuable alternative in cases where activated charcoal has been shown to be ineffective. Poisoning with ferrum formulations is an instructive example of this type of intoxication. Gastric lavage and pharmacologically induced emesis are no longer considered a routine treatment in poisoning but rather a special therapeutic option for very special situations. In all cases of severe poisoning, maintenance of vital functions, applying the principles of emergency medicine, has to have first priority.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Antidotes; Charcoal; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Care; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Absorption; Poison Control Centers; Poisoning; Poisons; Switzerland
PubMed: 7755699
DOI: No ID Found -
Schweizerische Medizinische... Jun 1946
Topics: Poisoning; Poisons
PubMed: 20274924
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Emergency Medicine 1998This review is Part I of a two-part series focusing on heavy metal toxicity. Part I will cover arsenic and mercury toxicity. Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity, as well... (Review)
Review
This review is Part I of a two-part series focusing on heavy metal toxicity. Part I will cover arsenic and mercury toxicity. Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity, as well as arsine gas toxicity, will be reviewed. The clinical presentation, with focus on the nervous, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, hematopoietic, and dermatologic systems, is delineated. Mercury exposure, including exposure to short chain alkyl mercury, elemental mercury, and acute inorganic salt, is reviewed. The discussion of clinical toxicity focuses on the nervous, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and renal systems, as well as on the teratogenic effects of mercury. Recommendations for diagnostic tests and management plans are discussed, including chelation regimens.
Topics: Arsenic Poisoning; Chelating Agents; Humans; Mercury Poisoning; Metals, Heavy; Poisoning; Poisons
PubMed: 9472760
DOI: 10.1016/s0736-4679(97)00241-2 -
Nordisk Medicin Jan 1963
Topics: Barbiturates; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Morphine; Narcotics; Organophosphate Poisoning; Phosphorus; Poisoning; Poisons
PubMed: 13936994
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica =... Nov 2002To assess accidental poisoning in children in the Caribbean country of Antigua and Barbuda, including the incidence, the types of substances ingested, the age of the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To assess accidental poisoning in children in the Caribbean country of Antigua and Barbuda, including the incidence, the types of substances ingested, the age of the children involved, and the clinical outcomes. The results from Antigua and Barbuda were compared with the results of other reports from the English-speaking Caribbean and from the United States of America.
DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of the charts of all patients less than 13 years old admitted to the Children's Ward at Holberton Hospital in Antigua for accidental poisoning between March 1989 and March 1999. Those data were compared with data from earlier reports from Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and the United States of America.
RESULTS
In Antigua and Barbuda there were 255 hospital admissions for accidental poisoning among children below 13 years old over that 10-year period. Of the 255 ingestions, 115 of them (45%) were in 1-year-old children, 69 (27%) were in 2-year-old children, and 26 (10%) were in 3-year-old children. These proportions in Antigua and Barbuda are similar to the age patterns seen in the other countries with which we made comparisons. In Antigua and Barbuda there was an annual average of 26 hospital admissions for poisoning for the roughly 20,000 children below 13 years of age, for a rate of 1.3 per 1,000. In comparing the patterns of childhood poisoning in all the countries we studied, we found that, as economic levels rose, there was a shift in the substances ingested, with hydrocarbon and plant ingestions decreasing and chemical and medication ingestions increasing.
CONCLUSIONS
There is an increasing variety and complexity of poisonous substances ingested as economic conditions improve. This trend would make the establishment of a poison control center for the English-speaking Caribbean a logical step.
Topics: Antigua and Barbuda; Caribbean Region; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Infant; Kerosene; Plant Poisoning; Poisoning; Poisons; Retrospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Sodium Hypochlorite
PubMed: 12587223
DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892002001100004 -
Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2015Accidental childhood poisonings are a major public health concern despite many efforts to alleviate this problem. While the rate of pediatric fatalities due to... (Review)
Review
Accidental childhood poisonings are a major public health concern despite many efforts to alleviate this problem. While the rate of pediatric fatalities due to poisonings have decreased over the last two decades, poison control centers around the US have collectively fielded over one million calls with regard to toxic exposures in the preschool age group. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers nearly half of all human exposures reported last year involved children under six. By focusing poison prevention efforts on the preschooler, we can attempt to decrease morbidity and mortality in the most vulnerable age group affected. Although the subject is still prevalent, current discussion on this topic is limited. Newer literature discusses past initiatives such as child resistant packaging and sticker deterrent programs and addresses their efficacy. This article revisits older mechanisms of prevention as well as the science behind the human motivation to change one's own practice and behavior.
Topics: Accidents, Home; Antidotes; Child, Preschool; Detergents; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Nicotine; Poison Control Centers; Poisoning; Poisons; Risk Assessment; Survival Rate; United States
PubMed: 25458111
DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2014.10.009 -
Rassegna Clinico-scientifica Feb 1963
Topics: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Esters; Organophosphate Poisoning; Phosphorus; Poisons
PubMed: 13944344
DOI: No ID Found