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Journal of Medical Virology Oct 2022Destruction of all poliovirus containing materials, safe and secure handling of retained polioviruses for vaccine production, and research will be obligatory to...
Destruction of all poliovirus containing materials, safe and secure handling of retained polioviruses for vaccine production, and research will be obligatory to eliminate facility-associated risks. Polioviruses and poliovirus potentially infectious materials (PIM) including fecal or respiratory samples requiring containment have been defined in World Health Organization-Global Action Plan (GAP III) documents. Non-polio laboratories culturing viruses from PIM are most affected as cell cultures of human and monkey origin are also poliovirus permissive. CRISPR gene-editing technology was used to knockout the poliovirus receptor (PVR/CD155) gene in the rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line. PVR knockout RD cell susceptibility was tested using known non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) types. A selected clone (RD-SJ40) was field evaluated for virus isolation from 626 stool samples of acute flaccid paralysis cases. Poliovirus nonpermissive cells derived from the RD cell line did not show CD155-specific cell-surface immunofluorescence. CD155 gene sequencing confirmed nucleotide base pair deletions within exon2 and exon3. The CD155 knockout RD-SJ40 cells did not support the growth of poliovirus from positive stool samples. All NPEV types were isolated in RD and RD-SJ40 cells. CRISPR correctly edited the CD155 gene of RD cells to render them poliovirus nonpermissive while susceptibility to NPEV remained unchanged. RD-SJ40 cells are safe for NPEV isolation from poliovirus PIM without derogating GAP III containment requirements.
Topics: Cell Line; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Laboratories; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Receptors, Virus; Rhabdomyosarcoma
PubMed: 35642597
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27897 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Apr 2012As the Global Polio Eradication Initiative progresses toward the eradication of wild polioviruses, national and global health leaders must still actively consider... (Review)
Review
As the Global Polio Eradication Initiative progresses toward the eradication of wild polioviruses, national and global health leaders must still actively consider options for managing poliovirus risks, including risks associated with using oral poliovirus vaccine. Oral poliovirus vaccine continues to represent a highly effective tool, but its use causes noticeable, rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and with low coverage it can evolve to become circulating vaccine-derived polioviruse that causes outbreaks. National leaders face a wide range of options, but their choices depend in part on global policies. This article explores the current set of global options for poliovirus eradication or control, discusses constraints and prerequisites for their implementation and offers some insights based on dynamic modeling to inform discussions and frame future economic analyses.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Health Policy; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Vaccination
PubMed: 22551030
DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.195 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jan 1977Inactivation of aggregated poliovirus by bromine is characterized by a continuously decreasing reaction rate. Poliovirus released from infected cells in these...
Inactivation of aggregated poliovirus by bromine is characterized by a continuously decreasing reaction rate. Poliovirus released from infected cells in these experiments by alternate freezing and thawing in water without electrolytes has always been aggregated. The aggregates persist even on 7,000-fold dilution in ion-free water. Virus similarly released into phosphate-buffered saline solution may be well dispersed, but it aggregates when sedimented into a salt-free sucrose gradient or when it is diluted as little as 10-fold in water. Large one-step dilutions of dispersed virus in water remain dispersed. Aggregated virus was not dispersed by one-step dilution (7,000-fold) in distilled or untreated lake water but was dispersed if phosphate-buffered saline or clarified secondary sewage plant effluent was used as diluent. Dispersed virus aggregates at all dilutions in alum-treated, finished water from the city filter plant. This may be the result of complex formation with insoluble material rather than virion-virion aggregation. A simple procedure is described for rendering a very dilute suspension of mixed virion aggregates into a three-part spectrum of sizes.
Topics: Bromine; Methods; Poliovirus; Sewage; Sonication; Viral Plaque Assay; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 189686
DOI: 10.1128/aem.33.1.168-177.1977 -
Developments in Biological... 1981Inactivation of Polioviruses has been studied extensively in the 1950s and 1960's. It was shown that, to a certain extent, the kinetics of inactivation depend on the...
Inactivation of Polioviruses has been studied extensively in the 1950s and 1960's. It was shown that, to a certain extent, the kinetics of inactivation depend on the viral structure with which the inactivating agents react. Polio-RNA will loose its capacity for multiplication after one hit of an appropriate agent, thus being inactivated in a first order reaction. Multiple hits on the viral protein are needed to render the virus non-proliferate, which is characterized by a second order reaction. Examples for both types of reaction are given. While the "classical" inactivating chemicals are still in use for poliovaccines, other RNA viruses have successfully been treated with other agents and experimentally yet different substances have been described. Aiming for the highest possible antigenicity, the least harmful procedure seems essential. Since the inactivation procedure includes factors other than chemicals, such as temperature, time, pH etc., they too are part of the discussion evaluating the benefits and the shortcomings of the various technologies.
Topics: Antigens, Viral; Poliovirus; Virulence
PubMed: 6262144
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Hygiene Jun 1986In order to study the serological status of the Northern Greek population to poliovirus, 881 sera from healthy people were examined for neutralizing antibody by the...
In order to study the serological status of the Northern Greek population to poliovirus, 881 sera from healthy people were examined for neutralizing antibody by the micrometabolic inhibition test. The people under examination were aged from 1 day to 70 years old. Overall, of the 881 sera examined, 704 (80%) had antibodies (titre greater than or equal to 4) to poliovirus 1, 742 (84%) had antibodies to poliovirus 2 and 715 (81%) had antibodies to poliovirus 3. Fifty-five per cent of the sera had antibodies to all three polioviruses while 3.3% had no poliovirus antibody at all. There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of seropositivity to the various poliovirus types or between males and females. However the rates of seropositivity did vary with age.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Antibodies, Viral; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Greece; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Poliovirus
PubMed: 3016076
DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400066274 -
Viruses May 2019Polio and enterovirus surveillance may include a number of approaches, including incidence-based observation, a sentinel physician system, environmental monitoring and...
Polio and enterovirus surveillance may include a number of approaches, including incidence-based observation, a sentinel physician system, environmental monitoring and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. The relative value of these methods is widely debated. Here we summarized the results of 14 years of environmental surveillance at four sewage treatment plants of various capacities in Moscow, Russia. A total of 5450 samples were screened, yielding 1089 (20.0%) positive samples. There were 1168 viruses isolated including types 1-3 polioviruses (43%) and 29 different types of non-polio enteroviruses (51%). Despite using the same methodology, a significant variation in detection rates was observed between the treatment plants and within the same facility over time. The number of poliovirus isolates obtained from sewage was roughly 60 times higher than from AFP surveillance over the same time frame. All except one poliovirus isolate were Sabin-like polioviruses. The one isolate was vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 with 17.6% difference from the corresponding Sabin strain, suggesting long-term circulation outside the scope of the surveillance. For some non-polio enterovirus types (e.g., Echovirus 6) there was a good correlation between detection in sewage and incidence of clinical cases in a given year, while other types (e.g., Echovirus 30) could cause large outbreaks and be almost absent in sewage samples. Therefore, sewage monitoring can be an important part of enterovirus surveillance, but cannot substitute other approaches.
Topics: Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Moscow; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Sewage
PubMed: 31072058
DOI: 10.3390/v11050424 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2010
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Humans; Immunization Programs; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Vaccination
PubMed: 21047241
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1009551 -
Risk Analysis : An Official Publication... Apr 2013With national and global health policymakers facing numerous complex decisions related to achieving and maintaining polio eradication, we expanded our previously...
With national and global health policymakers facing numerous complex decisions related to achieving and maintaining polio eradication, we expanded our previously developed dynamic poliovirus transmission model using information from an expert literature review process and including additional immunity states and the evolution of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). The model explicitly considers serotype differences and distinguishes fecal-oral and oropharyngeal transmission. We evaluated the model by simulating diverse historical experiences with polioviruses, including one country that eliminated wild poliovirus using both OPV and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) (USA), three importation outbreaks of wild poliovirus (Albania, the Netherlands, Tajikistan), one situation in which no circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) emerge despite annual OPV use and cessation (Cuba), three cVDPV outbreaks (Haiti, Madura Island in Indonesia, northern Nigeria), one area of current endemic circulation of all three serotypes (northern Nigeria), and one area with recent endemic circulation and subsequent elimination of multiple serotypes (northern India). We find that when sufficient information about the conditions exists, the model can reproduce the general behavior of poliovirus transmission and outbreaks while maintaining consistency in the generic model inputs. The assumption of spatially homogeneous mixing remains a significant limitation that affects the performance of the differential equation-based model when significant heterogeneities in immunity and mixing may exist. Further studies on OPV virus evolution and improved understanding of the mechanisms of mixing and transmission may help to better characterize poliovirus transmission in populations. Broad application of the model promises to offer insights in the context of global and national policy and economic models.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Calibration; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 23521018
DOI: 10.1111/risa.12044 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Nov 1957Antigens present in poliovirus concentrates react with antibodies present in the serum of hyperimmunized monkeys to give type-specific precipitates. One or more bands of...
Antigens present in poliovirus concentrates react with antibodies present in the serum of hyperimmunized monkeys to give type-specific precipitates. One or more bands of precipitate can be formed wherever such homotypic reactants, diffusing into an agar gel, meet in sufficient concentration and in equivalent proportions. No qualitative differences have been detected between the type-specific reactions given by different strains of the same virus type; and no precipitates have been seen which could be called "group-specific." Non-specific precipitates have occasionally been observed. Type-specific poliovirus precipitins are found in the serum of poliomyelitis patients. Their concentration has been measured by a standardized method. They tend to develop in parallel with neutralizing antibodies against the same virus type, increasing in amount during the first weeks of illness in those patients who show concurrent neutralizing antibody rises. The precipitation reaction has proved valuable in the antigenic analysis of polioviruses. Its general adoption as a diagnostic procedure is perhaps unlikely; but it may be well worth applying for special purposes.
Topics: Agar; Antibodies; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Precipitins
PubMed: 13475622
DOI: 10.1084/jem.106.5.661 -
The Journal of General Virology Jul 1998The inclusion of a foreign marker gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, into the poliovirus genome allows its replication and encapsidation to be easily...
The inclusion of a foreign marker gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, into the poliovirus genome allows its replication and encapsidation to be easily monitored using a simple enzyme assay. Such poliovirus replicons require the presence of helper virus for their successful propagation and thus are similar to defective interfering (DI) viruses. In genomes containing the CAT gene, the majority of the P1 virus capsid region of the poliovirus genome could be removed without destroying viability. The smallest replicon was significantly smaller than any naturally occurring DI particle so far reported, yet it retained the ability to replicate and be encapsidated by structural proteins provided by helper virus in trans. The efficiency with which the replicons were encapsidated was investigated using a direct immunostaining technique that allows individual cells infected with either a replicon or helper virus to be quantified. These results were compared to the frequencies of trans-encapsidation of polioviruses and coxsackievirus B4 using a two-stage neutralization assay. Poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 but not coxsackievirus B4, coxsackievirus A21 or rhinovirus 14 provided efficient trans-encapsidation of poliovirus type 3 or type 3-derived replicons. These results suggest that a specific encapsidation process operates and that it does not involve RNA sequences within the region of the genome encoding the capsid proteins.
Topics: Animals; Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Viral; Genes, Reporter; Genome, Viral; HeLa Cells; Humans; Poliovirus; Replicon; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 9680136
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-7-1725