-
The Journal of General Virology Mar 1992We have constructed six hybrid polioviruses (PVs) modified to express PV type 2 and type 3 antigenic determinants on a PV type 1 (Mahoney) capsid. The hybrids were...
We have constructed six hybrid polioviruses (PVs) modified to express PV type 2 and type 3 antigenic determinants on a PV type 1 (Mahoney) capsid. The hybrids were modified in neutralizing antigenic site (NAg) I and/or NAgII. They were viable, but impaired for growth in comparison to PV1 (Mahoney). Some hybrids modified to express type 2 and type 3 NAgI determinants simultaneously displayed some type 2 but no type 3 antigenicity (in addition to type 1 antigenicity associated with other antigenic sites). Hybrids modified to express a type 2 NAgI determinant and a type 3 NAgII determinant, or vice versa, displayed antigenic characteristics of all three serotypes, although expression of the modified NAgII determinant was weak. We conclude that it is possible to construct a viable hybrid PV simultaneously modified in NAgI and NAgII which expresses antigenic determinants of all three serotypes.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Epitopes; Molecular Sequence Data; Poliovirus; Recombinant Proteins; Serotyping
PubMed: 1372037
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-3-607 -
Vaccine Aug 1995Polioviruses type 1 (Mahoney) and type 3 (Sabin) were treated with the antiviral pyridazinamine R78206 by first binding the compound to the virus and then removing...
Polioviruses type 1 (Mahoney) and type 3 (Sabin) were treated with the antiviral pyridazinamine R78206 by first binding the compound to the virus and then removing unbound compound by dialysis. As a result of this treatment, both poliovirus strains were protected against thermal inactivation at 46 degrees C. The R78206 treatment did not cause inactivation except with the Sabin 3 strain at high R78206 concentrations.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Hot Temperature; Piperidines; Poliovirus; Pyridazines
PubMed: 8525692
DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(95)00036-z -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 1987Polioviruses and rotaviruses are potential indicators of sewage pollution of water and shellfish. Several methods for detecting these viruses in oysters were assessed.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Polioviruses and rotaviruses are potential indicators of sewage pollution of water and shellfish. Several methods for detecting these viruses in oysters were assessed. Elution-precipitation involving Catfloc for clarification and skim milk for subsequent flocculation resulted in the recovery of an average of 79% of poliovirus type 1 and 37% of rotavirus SA-11 from oyster homogenates inoculated with low numbers of these viruses. Adsorption-elution-precipitation did not improve the recovery of poliovirus and was detrimental to the recovery of rotavirus. Ultrafiltration or ultracentrifugation resulted in improved recovery of rotavirus but also in higher toxicity of oyster extracts to cell cultures. We recommend the use of the described elution-precipitation method for detecting viral pollutants in sample of oysters.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Flocculation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ostreidae; Poliovirus; Rotavirus; Ultracentrifugation; Ultrafiltration; Virology
PubMed: 2827573
DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.11.2666-2670.1987 -
Viruses Sep 2020Significantly divergent polioviruses (VDPV) derived from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains, like wild polioviruses, are capable of prolonged...
Significantly divergent polioviruses (VDPV) derived from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains, like wild polioviruses, are capable of prolonged transmission and neuropathology. This is mainly shown for VDPV type 2. Here we describe a molecular-epidemiological investigation of a case of VDPV type 3 circulation leading to paralytic poliomyelitis in a child in an orphanage, where OPV has not been used. Samples of feces and blood serum from the patient and 52 contacts from the same orphanage were collected twice and investigated. The complete genome sequencing was performed for five polioviruses isolated from the patient and three contact children. The level of divergence of the genomes of the isolates corresponded to approximately 9-10 months of evolution. The presence of 61 common substitutions in all isolates indicated a common intermediate progenitor. The possibility of VDPV3 transmission from the excretor to susceptible recipients (unvaccinated against polio or vaccinated with inactivated poliovirus vaccine, IPV) with subsequent circulation in a closed children's group was demonstrated. The study of the blood sera of orphanage residents at least twice vaccinated with IPV revealed the absence of neutralizing antibodies against at least two poliovirus serotypes in almost 20% of children. Therefore, a complete rejection of OPV vaccination can lead to a critical decrease in collective immunity level. The development of new poliovirus vaccines that create mucosal immunity for the adequate replacement of OPV from Sabin strains is necessary.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Orphanages; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Russia
PubMed: 32883046
DOI: 10.3390/v12090970 -
Journal of Virology May 2005The ability of poliovirus to propagate in neuronal cells can be reduced by introducing appropriate nucleotide substitutions into the viral genome. Specific mutations... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The ability of poliovirus to propagate in neuronal cells can be reduced by introducing appropriate nucleotide substitutions into the viral genome. Specific mutations scattered throughout the poliovirus genome yielded the live attenuated vaccine strains of poliovirus. Neuron-specific propagation deficits of the Sabin strains are partially encrypted within a confined region of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), which carries attenuating point mutations in all three serotypes. Recently, high levels of neurovirulence attenuation were achieved with genetically engineered polioviruses containing heterologous IRES elements. This is exemplified with poliovirus recombinants replicating under control of a human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2) IRES element. We have carried out experiments delineating the genetic basis for neuronal IRES function. Neuronal dysfunction of the HRV2 IRES is determined mainly by IRES stem-loop domain V, the locus for attenuating point mutations within the Sabin strains. Neuronal incompetence associated with HRV2 IRES domain V is substantially more pronounced than that observed with the attenuating IRES point mutation of the Sabin serotype 1 vaccine strain. Mix-and-match recombination of polio and HRV2 IRES domain V suggests that the attenuation phenotype correlates with overall structural features rather than primary sequence. Our experiments have identified HEK 293 cells as a novel system for the study of neuron-specific replication phenotypes of poliovirus. This cell line, originally derived from embryonic human kidney, has recently been described to display neuronal characteristics. We report propagation properties in HEK 293 cells for poliovirus recombinants with attenuated neurovirulence in experimental animals that corroborate this observation.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Cell Line, Transformed; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Poliovirus; Reassortant Viruses; Rhinovirus; Species Specificity; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 15858012
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.10.6281-6290.2005 -
Bulletin of the World Health... Jan 2004Within the past 4 years, poliomyelitis outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have occurred in Hispaniola (2000-01), the Philippines... (Review)
Review
Within the past 4 years, poliomyelitis outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have occurred in Hispaniola (2000-01), the Philippines (2001), and Madagascar (2001-02). Retrospective studies have also detected the circulation of endemic cVDPV in Egypt (1988-93) and the likely localized spread of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)-derived virus in Belarus (1965-66). Gaps in OPV coverage and the previous eradication of the corresponding serotype of indigenous wild poliovirus were the critical risk factors for all cVDPV outbreaks. The cVDPV outbreaks were stopped by mass immunization campaigns using OPV. To increase sensitivity for detecting vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), in 2001 the Global Polio Laboratory Network implemented additional testing requirements for all poliovirus isolates under investigation. This approach quickly led to the recognition of the Philippines and Madagascar cVDPV outbreaks, but of no other current outbreaks. The potential risk of cVDPV emergence has increased dramatically in recent years as wild poliovirus circulation has ceased in most of the world. The risk appears highest for the type 2 OPV strain because of its greater tendency to spread to contacts. The emergence of cVDPVs underscores the critical importance of eliminating the last pockets of wild poliovirus circulation, maintaining universally high levels of polio vaccine coverage, stopping OPV use as soon as it is safely possible to do so, and continuing sensitive poliovirus surveillance into the foreseeable future. Particular attention must be given to areas where the risks for wild poliovirus circulation have been highest, and where the highest rates of polio vaccine coverage must be maintained to suppress cVDPV emergence.
Topics: Child; Disease Outbreaks; Dominican Republic; Egypt; Haiti; Humans; Immunization Programs; Madagascar; Philippines; Poland; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; RNA, Viral; Risk Factors; Virus Shedding; World Health Organization
PubMed: 15106296
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Virology Jun 2003The emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) strains in suboptimally vaccinated populations is a serious threat to the global poliovirus eradication....
The emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) strains in suboptimally vaccinated populations is a serious threat to the global poliovirus eradication. The genetic determinants for the transmissibility phenotype of polioviruses, and in particularly of cVDPV strains, are currently unknown. Here we describe the fecal excretion of wild-type poliovirus, oral polio vaccine, and cVDPV (Hispaniola) strains after intraperitoneal injection in poliovirus receptor-transgenic mice. Both the pattern and the level of fecal excretion of the cVDPV strains resemble those of wild-type poliovirus type 1. In contrast, very little poliovirus was present in the feces after oral polio vaccine administration. This mouse model will be helpful in elucidating the genetic determinants for the high fecal-oral transmission phenotype of cVDPV strains.
Topics: Animals; Feces; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Receptors, Virus; Serotyping; Vaccination; Vaccines, Inactivated; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 12743311
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.11.6541-6545.2003 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Feb 2017The poliovirus (PV) is currently targeted for worldwide eradication and containment. Sanger-based sequencing of the viral protein 1 (VP1) capsid region is currently the...
The poliovirus (PV) is currently targeted for worldwide eradication and containment. Sanger-based sequencing of the viral protein 1 (VP1) capsid region is currently the standard method for PV surveillance. However, the whole-genome sequence is sometimes needed for higher resolution global surveillance. In this study, we optimized whole-genome sequencing protocols for poliovirus isolates and FTA cards using next-generation sequencing (NGS), aiming for high sequence coverage, efficiency, and throughput. We found that DNase treatment of poliovirus RNA followed by random reverse transcription (RT), amplification, and the use of the Nextera XT DNA library preparation kit produced significantly better results than other preparations. The average viral reads per total reads, a measurement of efficiency, was as high as 84.2% ± 15.6%. PV genomes covering >99 to 100% of the reference length were obtained and validated with Sanger sequencing. A total of 52 PV genomes were generated, multiplexing as many as 64 samples in a single Illumina MiSeq run. This high-throughput, sequence-independent NGS approach facilitated the detection of a diverse range of PVs, especially for those in vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV), circulating VDPV, or immunodeficiency-related VDPV. In contrast to results from previous studies on other viruses, our results showed that filtration and nuclease treatment did not discernibly increase the sequencing efficiency of PV isolates. However, DNase treatment after nucleic acid extraction to remove host DNA significantly improved the sequencing results. This NGS method has been successfully implemented to generate PV genomes for molecular epidemiology of the most recent PV isolates. Additionally, the ability to obtain full PV genomes from FTA cards will aid in facilitating global poliovirus surveillance.
Topics: High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Pilot Projects; Poliovirus; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 27927929
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02121-16 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Nov 2010Polioviruses, as with all RNA viruses, are in a constant process of evolution driven by different mechanisms. With multiple mechanisms for genetic variability, they are... (Review)
Review
Polioviruses, as with all RNA viruses, are in a constant process of evolution driven by different mechanisms. With multiple mechanisms for genetic variability, they are successful conformists, adapting to changes in their habitat. The evolution of polioviruses may occur with generation of point mutations followed by genetic drift and selection. The mutation rate of polioviruses based on several studies is approximately 3 × 10(-2) mutations/synonymous site/year in the gene encoding viral protein 1. Genetic variation in polioviruses may also be increased by sharing of genetic data of two different poliovirus lineages by means of homologous recombination. According to the current view, recombination is considered usually to occur by strand-switching, but a non-replicative model has also been described. In recombination, polioviruses may either gain a set of advantageous mutations selected and fixed in previous generations of the parental viruses or get rid of deleterious ones. The prerequisites and constraints of the evolution mechanisms will be discussed. Furthermore, consequences of poliovirus evolution will be reviewed in the light of observations made on currently circulating polioviruses. We will also describe how polioviruses strike back: as wild type polioviruses approach eradication, vaccine derived strains increase their occurrence and genetic variability.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Biological Evolution; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Humans; Mutation; Poliovirus; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 20949639
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.663 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases May 2008After the 2001-2002 poliomyelitis outbreak due to recombinant vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in the Toliara province of Madagascar, another outbreak reoccurred in...
BACKGROUND
After the 2001-2002 poliomyelitis outbreak due to recombinant vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in the Toliara province of Madagascar, another outbreak reoccurred in the same province in 2005.
METHODS
We conducted epidemiological and virological investigations for each polio case patient and for their contacts.
RESULTS
From May to August 2005, a total of 5 cases of acute flaccid paralysis were reported among unvaccinated or partially vaccinated children 2-3 years old. Type-3 or type-2 VDPV was isolated from case patients and from healthy contacts. These strains were classified into 4 recombinant lineages that showed complex mosaic genomic structures originating from different vaccine strain serotypes and probably from human enterovirus C (HEV-C) species. Genetic relatedness could be observed among these 4 lineages. Vaccination coverage of the population was very low (<50%).
CONCLUSIONS
The broad distribution of VDPVs in the province and their close genetic relationship indicate intense and rapid cocirculation and coevolution of the vaccine strains and of their related HEV-C strains. The occurrence of an outbreak due to VDPV 3 years after a previous outbreak indicates that a short period with low vaccination coverage is enough to create favorable conditions for the emergence of VDPV in this setting.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Enterovirus C, Human; Humans; Madagascar; Male; Phylogeny; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; RNA, Viral; Recombination, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 18419577
DOI: 10.1086/587694