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The Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 1997Wild polioviruses were isolated a number of times in The Netherlands outside the epidemic periods (1978 and 1992-1993) from patients infected abroad, from subclinically...
Wild polioviruses were isolated a number of times in The Netherlands outside the epidemic periods (1978 and 1992-1993) from patients infected abroad, from subclinically infected persons, and from river water. Sequence comparisons revealed discrete sources of importation: the Mediterranean, India, and Indonesia. The observed wide genetic variation is indicative of repeated importation and not of indigenous circulation. Isolates identical or closely related to the epidemic type 1 strain of 1978 were found in clinical and environmental specimens until 1983, probably due to repeated importation from Turkey. Viruses related to the 1992-1993 epidemic type 3 virus had already been isolated six times before the epidemic. Of particular importance are two documented isolations of prototype wild poliovirus indistinguishable from that used to produce the inactivated vaccine. These data underscore the continued risk to the unvaccinated religious population of exposure to wild poliovirus.
Topics: Adoption; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Netherlands; Phylogeny; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; RNA, Viral; Viral Proteins; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 9291306
DOI: 10.1086/514081 -
Journal of Medical Virology Dec 2012This study was designed to compare the sensitivity of a Sabin vaccine strain-specific PCR assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with polyclonal cross-absorbed... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This study was designed to compare the sensitivity of a Sabin vaccine strain-specific PCR assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with polyclonal cross-absorbed antisera (PAb-E) for intratypic differentiation (ITD) of polioviruses (PVs). These were used for the definitive characterization of the strains. Poliovirus strains isolated in L20B and RD cell lines were subjected to both PCR and ELISA. Both PCR and ELISA identified 3 (13.6%) out of 22 isolates, respectively as poliovirus Sabin 1. PCR identified 4 (18.2%) out of 22 isolates as poliovirus Sabin 2 and ELISA identified 2 (9.1%) out of 22 isolates as poliovirus Sabin 2. None of the two assay identified poliovirus Sabin 3. Both PCR and ELISA identified 12 (54.5%) out of 22 isolates, respectively as wild poliovirus (WPV) 1. None of the assays identified any of the isolates as WPV 2 and 3. Only PCR assay was able to identify the mixture of two poliovirus Sabin serotypes (a mixture of Sabin 1 and 2) and two mixtures of poliovirus Sabin 2 and 3. In this study, only ELISA was able to identified two invalid results. Invalid results observed in this study are of important practical implication to the emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus. This may have epidemic potential. Hence, the two ITD assays are of paramount importance for identification of PVs. It is therefore recommended in line with WHO guideline that at least two methods be used for the ITD of poliovirus isolates, and each method should be based on a different principle (i.e., antigenic and genetic properties).
Topics: Antigens, Viral; Capsid Proteins; Child; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Feces; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 23080505
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23408 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... May 2017The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has made substantial progress since its launch in 1988; only 37 wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) cases were detected in 2016,...
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has made substantial progress since its launch in 1988; only 37 wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) cases were detected in 2016, the lowest annual count ever. Wild poliovirus type 3 has not been detected since November 2012, and wild poliovirus type 2 was officially declared eradicated in September 2015. This success is attributable to the wide use of live oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs). Since 2001, numerous outbreaks were caused by the emergence of genetically divergent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) whose genetic drift from the parental OPV strains indicates prolonged replication or circulation (1). In 2015, circulating VDPV type 2 (cVDPV2) outbreaks were detected in five countries worldwide (Nigeria, Pakistan, Guinea, Burma, and South Sudan), and VDPV2 single events were reported in 22 countries. These events prompted the GPEI to withdraw the type 2 component (Sabin2) of trivalent OPV (tOPV) in a globally coordinated, synchronized manner in April 2016 (2,3), at which time all OPV-using countries switched to using bivalent OPV (bOPV), containing Sabin types 1 and 3. This report details for the first time the virologic tracking of elimination of a live vaccine that has been withdrawn from routine and mass immunization systems worldwide (3). To secure elimination, further monitoring is warranted to detect any use of tOPV or monovalent OPV type 2 (mOPV2).
Topics: Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Environmental Monitoring; Global Health; Humans; Laboratories; Mass Vaccination; Paralysis; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance; Product Recalls and Withdrawals; Sewage; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 28542124
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6620a4 -
The Journal of Hospital Infection May 1990The activity of various disinfectants against poliovirus (Sabin 1 an) was assessed using surface and suspension tests. The surface test showed that 2% glutaraldehyde and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The activity of various disinfectants against poliovirus (Sabin 1 an) was assessed using surface and suspension tests. The surface test showed that 2% glutaraldehyde and high concentrations of hypochlorites (9200 ppm avCl2) were effective (i.e. greater than or equal to 4 log10 reduction) against a dried virus suspension in 1 min. Diluted aldehydes ('Sporicidin' and 'Gigasept'), lower hypochlorite concentrations (1000 ppm avCl2) and peroxides (3%) were less effective while 70% ethanol showed variable results; 70% isopropanol was ineffective in 10 min. In the suspension tests hydrogen peroxide (3% and 6%) and 70% ethanol were ineffective in 1 min.
Topics: Disinfectants; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poliovirus
PubMed: 1972949
DOI: 10.1016/0195-6701(90)90090-b -
Journal of Virology Jun 1994The ability to express heterologous antigens from attenuated poliovirus strains suggests the potential for use as live vectored vaccines. Full- or partial-length...
The ability to express heterologous antigens from attenuated poliovirus strains suggests the potential for use as live vectored vaccines. Full- or partial-length sequences of the gene encoding rotavirus major outer capsid protein VP7 were cloned into the open reading frame of a full-length cDNA copy of poliovirus Sabin type 3. They were inserted either at the 5' end or immediately after the capsid protein coding region, at the junction between precursors P1 and P2. A protease cleavage site for 3C protease was introduced 3' to the foreign sequences to enable proteolytic processing of the antigen from the poliovirus polyprotein. Infectious viruses were generated from several of the DNA constructs, and the presence of the foreign gene sequences was confirmed by reverse transcription of the viral RNA and PCR amplification. Viruses with inserts of about 300 bases maintained the foreign sequences during passage in Vero cells. Viruses carrying larger sequences were unstable, and deletions were generated within the foreign sequences. Expression of the VP7 polypeptides was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum of labeled proteins from cells infected with Sabin 3 recombinant viruses. Comparative studies of RNA synthesis showed similar kinetics for Sabin 3 and the Sabin 3/VP7 recombinants. One-step growth curves showed that production of recombinant viruses was slower than that of Sabin 3 and that the final titers were 1 to 1.5 logs lower. Accumulation of VP7-containing precursors in infected cells suggests that slow cleavage at the engineered 3C protease site may be a limiting step in the growth of these recombinant Sabin polioviruses and may influence the permissible size of foreign sequence to be inserted.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Base Sequence; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; DNA, Viral; Gene Expression; Genes, Viral; Genetic Vectors; Kinetics; Molecular Sequence Data; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; RNA, Viral; Recombination, Genetic; Sequence Deletion; Vero Cells
PubMed: 8189529
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.68.6.3925-3933.1994 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2014Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is rarely used in tropical developing countries. To generate additional scientific information, especially on the possible emergence...
BACKGROUND
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is rarely used in tropical developing countries. To generate additional scientific information, especially on the possible emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in an IPV-only environment, we initiated an IPV introduction project in Yogyakarta, an Indonesian province. In this report, we present the coverage, immunity, and VDPV surveillance results.
METHODS
In Yogyakarta, we established environmental surveillance starting in 2004; and conducted routine immunization coverage and seroprevalence surveys before and after a September 2007 switch from oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) to IPV, using standard coverage and serosurvey methods. Rates and types of polioviruses found in sewage samples were analyzed, and all poliovirus isolates after the switch were sequenced.
RESULTS
Vaccination coverage (>95%) and immunity (approximately 100%) did not change substantially before and after the IPV switch. No VDPVs were detected. Before the switch, 58% of environmental samples contained Sabin poliovirus; starting 6 weeks after the switch, Sabin polioviruses were rarely isolated, and if they were, genetic sequencing suggested recent introductions.
CONCLUSIONS
This project demonstrated that under almost ideal conditions (good hygiene, maintenance of universally high IPV coverage, and corresponding high immunity against polioviruses), no emergence and circulation of VDPV could be detected in a tropical developing country setting.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Child, Preschool; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Humans; Indonesia; Infant; Male; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Sewage; Vaccination
PubMed: 25316854
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu060 -
The Journal of General Virology Nov 1980The reactions of polioviruses in single-radial-immunodiffusion (SRD) tests were investigated with a view to developing accurate and sensitive antigen assay systems. In...
The reactions of polioviruses in single-radial-immunodiffusion (SRD) tests were investigated with a view to developing accurate and sensitive antigen assay systems. In direct SRD tests, employing high concentrations of immune poliovirus serum in agarose gels, poliovirus D-antigens produced clear reaction zones demonstrated by protein staining. The reactions were type-specific for polioviruses of types 1, 2 and 3 but the tests were of low sensitivity, being applicable only to the assay of virus concentrates. A novel autoradiographic zone size enhancement (ZE) test was developed which increased the sensitivity of the SRD assay 40- to 100-fold. The ZE test was dependent upon the ability of unlabelled poliovirus to co-migrate with the radioactive marker virus and so enhance the zone size detected autoradiographically. The areas of the autoradiographic zones were directly proportional to the concentration of unlabelled antigen. The ZE test was capable of detecting poliovirus D antigens in diluted cell culture fluid harvests in amounts corresponding to 10(3.3) to 10(4.3) TCID50 of infectious virus. Studies with poliovirus type 3 strains indicated that the ZE test was narrowly strain-specific for the D-antigen of poliovirus type 3 strains when homologous type 3 D-antigen was used as radioactive marker, but broadly cross-reactive for the D-antigen of type 3 viruses when heterologous poliovirus type 3 D-antigen was used as marker.
Topics: Antigens, Viral; Autoradiography; Cross Reactions; Epitopes; Immunodiffusion; Poliovirus
PubMed: 6161997
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-51-1-157 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Mar 1985Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is like no other live virus vaccine used in humans: vaccine strains multiply extensively in the intestinal tract, are widely disseminated... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is like no other live virus vaccine used in humans: vaccine strains multiply extensively in the intestinal tract, are widely disseminated in the family and community, and immunize a large proportion of the unvaccinated population. During the search for optimal strains for vaccine use, motor neurons in the spinal cord of chimpanzees (and by extrapolation those of humans) were found to be much more resistant to polioviruses than those of monkeys; the reverse was true for the alimentary tract. Various biologic properties of polioviruses also varied quantitatively over a wide spectrum and were genetically distinct. The phenomenon of somewhat increased neurovirulence for monkeys, but not for chimpanzees, encountered in excreted virus was extensively studied in families, in children's homes, and finally among hundreds of thousands of susceptible children and adults in areas where only 50% of the susceptible population received OPV; these studies did not reveal evidence of danger. During the past 20 years approximately 5 million cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were probably prevented by OPV in predominantly temperate-climate countries inhabited by approximately 2 billion people. OPV has also been used less extensively and not optimally in many tropical and subtropical countries, where paralytic poliomyelitis is now known to be an important public health problem, with reduction in numbers of cases but not elimination of the disease except in some countries with better health services. Experience in Cuba during the past 21 years, in Brazil during the past 5 years, and in the Dominican Republic during the past 2 years has shown that the strategy of annual short-term vaccination of all children in the most susceptible age groups can rapidly eliminate the disease from tropical and subtropical countries.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Genes, Viral; Haplorhini; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Motor Neurons; Pan troglodytes; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Tropical Climate; United States; Vaccination; Virulence
PubMed: 2982959
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/151.3.420 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Mar 1979Alteration of the specific infectivity of 3H-labeled ribonucleic acid and 14C-protein labeled poliovirus type 1 by adsorption on inorganic surfaces is investigated by... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Alteration of the specific infectivity of 3H-labeled ribonucleic acid and 14C-protein labeled poliovirus type 1 by adsorption on inorganic surfaces is investigated by application of kinetic theory to data obtained from sequential extractions of adsorbed virus. Some surfaces, e.g., SiO2, appear to have no significant effect. On the other hand, CuO substantially decreases the specific infectivity of adsorbed preparations. Differences in kinetic plots between 3H-labeled ribonucleic acid and 14C-labeled protein suggest that the inactivation observed involves physical disruption of virions. Van der Waals interactions between solid surfaces and virus are suspected to induce spontaneous virion disassembly. Surface catalyzed disassembly in aquatic and soil environments is implicated as an important mechanism controlling enterovirus dissemination. Methods developed here to evaluate complete recovery of adsorbed virus have potenital application to other degradation studied and problems concerning virus recovery from adsorbents used in virus concentrators.
Topics: Adsorption; Metals; Models, Biological; Poliovirus; RNA, Viral; Silicon Dioxide; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 222209
DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.3.480-486.1979 -
Current Biology : CB Sep 1994Picornaviruses, such as the structurally related polioviruses and rhinoviruses, are important human pathogens which have been the target of major drug development...
BACKGROUND
Picornaviruses, such as the structurally related polioviruses and rhinoviruses, are important human pathogens which have been the target of major drug development efforts. Receptor-mediated uncoating and thermal inactivation of poliovirus and rhinovirus are inhibited by agents that bind to each virus by inserting into a pocket in the beta barrel of the viral capsid protein, VP1. This pocket, which is normally empty in human rhinovirus-14 (HRV14), is occupied by an unknown natural ligand in poliovirus. Structural studies of HRV14-drug complexes have shown that drug binding causes large, localized changes in the conformation of VP1.
RESULTS
We report the crystal structures of six complexes between poliovirus and capsid-binding, antiviral drugs, including complexes of four different drugs with the Sabin vaccine strain of type 3 poliovirus, and complexes of one of these drugs with two other poliovirus strains that contain sequence differences in the drug-binding site. In each complex, the changes in capsid structure associated with drug binding are limited to minor adjustments in the conformations of a few side chains lining the binding site.
CONCLUSIONS
The minor structural changes caused by drug binding suggest a model of drug action in which it is the conformational changes prevented by the bound drug, rather than obvious conformational changes induced by drug binding, which exert the biological effect. Our results, along with additional structures of rhinovirus-drug complexes, suggest possible improvements in drug design, and provide important clues about the nature of the conformational changes that are involved in the uncoating process.
Topics: Amino Acids; Antiviral Agents; Binding Sites; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Drug Design; HeLa Cells; Humans; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Poliovirus; Protein Conformation
PubMed: 7820548
DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00176-7