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Journal of Virology Jan 1999Poliovirus RNA genomes that contained deletions in the capsid-coding regions were synthesized in monkey kidney cells that constitutively expressed T7 RNA polymerase....
Poliovirus RNA genomes that contained deletions in the capsid-coding regions were synthesized in monkey kidney cells that constitutively expressed T7 RNA polymerase. These replication-competent subgenomic RNAs, or replicons (G. Kaplan and V. R. Racaniello, J. Virol. 62:1687-1696, 1988), were encapsidated in trans by superinfecting polioviruses. When superinfecting poliovirus resistant to the antiviral compound guanidine was used, the RNA replication of the replicon RNAs could be inhibited independently of the RNA replication of the guanidine-resistant helper virus. Inhibiting the replication of the replicon RNA also profoundly inhibited its trans-encapsidation, even though the capsid proteins present in the cells could efficiently encapsidate the helper virus. The observed coupling between RNA replication and RNA packaging could account for the specificity of poliovirus RNA packaging in infected cells and the observed effects of mutations in the coding regions of nonstructural proteins on virion morphogenesis. It is suggested that this coupling results from direct interactions between the RNA replication machinery and the capsid proteins. The coupling of RNA packaging to RNA replication and of RNA replication to translation (J. E. Novak and K. Kirkegaard, Genes Dev. 8:1726-1737, 1994) could serve as mechanisms for late proofreading of poliovirus RNA, allowing only those RNA genomes capable of translating a full complement of functional RNA replication proteins to be propagated.
Topics: Base Sequence; Guanidine; HeLa Cells; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Poliovirus; RNA, Viral; Replicon; Virus Assembly; Virus Replication
PubMed: 9847348
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.73.1.427-435.1999 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2000Seventy-eight poliovirus strains isolated from river water and sewage in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during 1993 to 1995 were characterized by the PCR-restriction fragment...
Seventy-eight poliovirus strains isolated from river water and sewage in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during 1993 to 1995 were characterized by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method and by partially sequencing the VP3 and VP1 regions of the viral genome. Of these isolates, 36 were identified as Sabin vaccine strains, and 42 were identified as vaccine variant strains that had less than 1.4% nucleotide divergence from the Sabin strains, including 7 isolates with patterns different from those of Sabin strains as determined by PCR-RFLP analysis. These findings suggest that wild-type poliovirus was not circulating in Toyama Prefecture.
Topics: Fresh Water; Genome, Viral; Japan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sewage
PubMed: 11055968
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.66.11.5087-5091.2000 -
International Journal of Food... Mar 2002Loss of infectivity of poliovirus type 1, strain Sabin, during heating, freezing, and storage in water, milk and yoghurt was determined by plaque-titration in Vero cell...
Loss of infectivity of poliovirus type 1, strain Sabin, during heating, freezing, and storage in water, milk and yoghurt was determined by plaque-titration in Vero cell cultures. The heating experiments simulated the conditions arising during the processing of milk and yoghurt, for example high-temperature heating (95 degrees C, 15 and 30 s), short-time pasteurization (72 degrees C, 15 and 30 s), long-time pasteurization (62 degrees C, 30 min), and yoghurt-fermentation (42 degrees C, 30 min and 180 min). Only high-temperature heating, long-time pasteurization and short-time pasteurization for 30 s proved to be reliable methods of inactivating polioviruses present in water, milk and yoghurt completely. Short-time pasteurization for 15 s and the conditions of yoghurt-fermentation failed to cause complete inactivation of polioviruses. Additionally, polioviruses mixed in milk or yoghurt withstood these procedures with significantly lower reductions of infectivity than in water. Heating at 55 degrees C for 30 min resulted in complete inactivation of polioviruses, regardless of the suspending medium. The infectivity of polioviruses is scarcely affected by freezing (-20 degrees C, 30 min) and storage (24 days) at low temperatures (4 degrees C) and high humidity (a(w) = 0.99).
Topics: Animals; Fermentation; Food Handling; Freezing; Hot Temperature; Milk; Poliovirus; Time Factors; Water Microbiology; Yogurt
PubMed: 11929172
DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00708-5 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1981As a result of recent developments in the biological and biochemical characterization of polioviruses, intratypic differentiation of poliovirus strains has become a...
As a result of recent developments in the biological and biochemical characterization of polioviruses, intratypic differentiation of poliovirus strains has become a powerful epidemiological tool. However, use of this tool should be linked with a better system of nomenclature.It is recommended that future poliovirus isolates should be identified by type, country (or city), strain number, and year of isolation. The system should be applied universally from the time of publication of this Memorandum.
Topics: Poliovirus; Terminology as Topic; World Health Organization
PubMed: 6279322
DOI: No ID Found -
Archiv Fur Hygiene Und Bakteriologie Sep 1966
Review
Topics: Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Virulence
PubMed: 4295632
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Virology Aug 2003From 1988 to 1993, 30 cases of poliomyelitis associated with poliovirus type 2 were found in seven governorates of Egypt. Because many of the cases were geographically...
From 1988 to 1993, 30 cases of poliomyelitis associated with poliovirus type 2 were found in seven governorates of Egypt. Because many of the cases were geographically and temporally clustered and because the case isolates differed antigenically from the vaccine strain, it was initially assumed that the cases signaled the continued circulation of wild type 2 poliovirus. However, comparison of sequences encoding the major capsid protein, VP1 (903 nucleotides), revealed that the isolates were related (93 to 97% nucleotide sequence identity) to the Sabin type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) strain and unrelated (<82% nucleotide sequence identity) to the wild type 2 polioviruses previously indigenous to Egypt (last known isolate: 1979) or to any contemporary wild type 2 polioviruses found elsewhere. The rate and pattern of VP1 divergence among the circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) isolates suggested that all lineages were derived from a single OPV infection that occurred around 1983 and that progeny from the initiating infection circulated for approximately a decade within Egypt along several independent chains of transmission. Complete genomic sequences of an early (1988) and a late (1993) cVDPV isolate revealed that their 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and noncapsid- 3' UTR sequences were derived from other species C enteroviruses. Circulation of type 2 cVDPVs occurred at a time of low OPV coverage in the affected communities and ceased when OPV coverage rates increased. The potential for cVDPVs to circulate in populations with low immunity to poliovirus has important implications for current and future strategies to eradicate polio worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Egypt; Endemic Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Molecular Sequence Data; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vaccination
PubMed: 12857906
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.15.8366-8377.2003 -
Virology Journal Jul 2007Poliomyelitis has afflicted humankind since antiquity, and for nearly a century now, we have known the causative agent, poliovirus. This pathogen is an enterovirus that... (Review)
Review
Poliomyelitis has afflicted humankind since antiquity, and for nearly a century now, we have known the causative agent, poliovirus. This pathogen is an enterovirus that in recent history has been the source of a great deal of human suffering. Although comparatively small, its genome is packed with sufficient information to make it a formidable pathogen. In the last 20 years the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has proven successful in greatly diminishing the number of cases worldwide but has encountered obstacles in its path which have made halting the transmission of wild polioviruses a practical impossibility. As we begin to realize that a change in strategy may be crucial in achieving success in this venture, it is imperative that we critically evaluate what is known about the molecular biology of this pathogen and the intricacies of its interaction with its host so that in future attempts we may better equipped to more effectively combat this important human pathogen.
Topics: DNA, Complementary; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 17623069
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-4-70 -
Journal of Virology Dec 2004A child was found to be excreting type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) with a 1.1% sequence drift from Sabin type 1 vaccine strain in the VP1 coding region 6 months...
A child was found to be excreting type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) with a 1.1% sequence drift from Sabin type 1 vaccine strain in the VP1 coding region 6 months after he was immunized with oral live polio vaccine. Seventeen type 1 poliovirus isolates were recovered from stools taken from this child during the following 4 months. Contrary to expectation, the child was not deficient in humoral immunity and showed high levels of serum neutralization against poliovirus. Selected virus isolates were characterized in terms of their antigenic properties, virulence in transgenic mice, sensitivity for growth at high temperatures, and differences in nucleotide sequence from the Sabin type 1 strain. The VDPV isolates showed mutations at key nucleotide positions that correlated with the observed reversion to biological properties typical of wild polioviruses. A number of capsid mutations mapped at known antigenic sites leading to changes in the viral antigenic structure. Estimates of sequence evolution based on the accumulation of nucleotide changes in the VP1 coding region detected a "defective" molecular clock running at an apparent faster speed of 2.05% nucleotide changes per year versus 1% shown in previous studies. Remarkably, when compared to several type 1 VDPV strains of different origins, isolates from this child showed a much higher proportion of nonsynonymous versus synonymous nucleotide changes in the capsid coding region. This anomaly could explain the high VP1 sequence drift found and the ability of these virus strains to replicate in the gut for a longer period than expected.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Capsid Proteins; Evolution, Molecular; Feces; Humans; Infant; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Transgenic; Mutation; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Time Factors; Vaccination; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 15564492
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.24.13839-13847.2004 -
Archives of Virology 2008Virological surveillance is an important element in the Polio Eradication Initiative to provide information rapidly about circulating wild polioviruses. Molecular tools...
Molecular epidemiology of wild poliovirus type 1 circulation in West and Central Africa, from 1997 to 1999, using genotyping with a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.
Virological surveillance is an important element in the Polio Eradication Initiative to provide information rapidly about circulating wild polioviruses. Molecular tools have been developed to identify the serotype of the poliovirus strains and whether they are of vaccine or wild origin (intratypic differentiation) and to perform the molecular epidemiology of wild strains. The main objective of this study was to show that restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a tool that can be used for molecular epidemiology of wild polioviruses. This is retrospective study of poliovirus type 1 strains received at the Institut Pasteur of Bangui (IPB), a WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Africa, since 1994. We describe our experience with isolates from Western and Central Africa and show a positive correlation between the genotypes as determined by sequencing the gene for the VP1 capsid protein and the RFLP patterns. Although genomic sequencing is the gold standard method for detailed molecular epidemiology analysis of poliovirus isolates, these results show that RFLP is a potentially valuable tool for molecular epidemiological analysis of poliovirus type 1 strains: it could be used by many laboratories as a rapid method for ITD and genotype screening where sequencing capacity is not readily available.
Topics: Africa, Central; Africa, Western; Cell Line; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 18060590
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0001-x -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jul 1996A single-tube, single-primer-set reverse transcription-PCR assay was developed for the rapid detection of polioviruses in infected tissue culture fluids and clinical...
A single-tube, single-primer-set reverse transcription-PCR assay was developed for the rapid detection of polioviruses in infected tissue culture fluids and clinical materials. The poliovirus-specific PCR primers are located in the VP1-2A region of the poliovirus genome. They generate a 290-bp product and can be used in duplex reactions with general enterovirus primers. The primers span the region used for genotype determination, so that genotype analysis of wild-type polioviruses can be performed by direct sequencing of the PCR products. Of 125 virus isolates typed as polioviruses by neutralization assays, 125 (100%) were also positive by PCR, and of 38 isolates typed as non-polio enteroviruses by conventional techniques, 38 (100%) were also negative by PCR. The assay described here is rapid, highly sensitive, and specific and has clinical applicability in the diagnosis of poliovirus infections.
Topics: Base Sequence; DNA Primers; Enterovirus; Feces; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Sensitivity and Specificity; Species Specificity; Time Factors
PubMed: 8784577
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.34.7.1722-1725.1996