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Vaccine Sep 1984This article summarizes recent work on the determinants of antigenicity in poliovirus type 3 and reports on experiments in progress aimed at understanding the molecular... (Review)
Review
This article summarizes recent work on the determinants of antigenicity in poliovirus type 3 and reports on experiments in progress aimed at understanding the molecular basis of attenuation in Sabin's type 3 vaccines. Ways in which this new information might be used to produce alternative, safe, inexpensive, multivalent vaccines against polio and other enteroviruses are discussed.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Base Sequence; Epitopes; Mutation; Oligopeptides; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Protein Conformation; Rabbits; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 6085198
DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(84)90081-1 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2018The emergence of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis has become an ongoing burden of poliomyelitis. During this special period from OPV to IPV-only immunization... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
Immunogenicity of sequential inactivated and oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) versus inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) alone in healthy infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
The emergence of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis has become an ongoing burden of poliomyelitis. During this special period from OPV to IPV-only immunization schedule, we did a meta-analysis to compare the immunogenicity of sequential IPV and OPV versus IPV alone in healthy infants.
METHODS
This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered at international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO), and the number was CRD42017054889. We performed it as described.
RESULTS
Finally, 6 articles were qualified for our review. The results showed that seroconversion rates against all 3 serotype polioviruses were non-inferior and Geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) were superior in sequential schedules compared with IPV-only schedule. Thus, the sequential vaccination schedules could induce a stronger immunogenicity.
CONCLUSIONS
To decrease vaccine-associated and vaccine-derived poliomyelitis, it is a reasonable option to select sequential schedules during this special transition from OPV to IPV-only immunization schedule, which coincides with the current WHO recommendations.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Infant; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Seroconversion; Vaccination
PubMed: 29985751
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489188 -
British Medical Journal Dec 1963
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 14063059
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5370.1468-c -
Vaccine Mar 2016Replacing live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) with inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) is part of the global strategy to eradicate poliomyelitis. China was... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
Replacing live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) with inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) is part of the global strategy to eradicate poliomyelitis. China was declared polio-free in 2000 but continues to record cases of vaccine-associated-poliomyelitis and vaccine-derived-poliovirus outbreaks. Two pilot safety studies and two larger immunogenicity trials evaluated the non-inferiority of IPV (Poliorix™, GSK Vaccines, Belgium) versus OPV in infants and booster vaccination in toddlers primed with either IPV or OPV in China.
METHODS
In pilot safety studies, 25 infants received 3-dose IPV primary vaccination (Study A, www.clinicaltrial.gov NCT00937404) and 25 received an IPV booster after priming with three OPV doses (Study B, NCT01021293). In the randomised, controlled immunogenicity and safety trial (Study C, NCT00920439), infants received 3-dose primary vaccination with IPV (N=541) or OPV (N=535) at 2,3,4 months of age, and a booster IPV dose at 18-24 months (N=470, Study D, NCT01323647: extension of study C). Blood samples were collected before and one month post-dose-3 and booster. Reactogenicity was assessed using diary cards. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were captured throughout each study.
RESULTS
Study A and B showed that IPV priming and IPV boosting (after OPV) was safe. Study C: One month post-dose-3, all IPV and ≥ 98.3% OPV recipients had seroprotective antibody titres towards each poliovirus type. The immune response elicited by IPV was non-inferior to Chinese OPV. Seroprotective antibody titres persisted in ≥ 94.7% IPV and ≥ 96.1% OPV recipients at 18-24 months (Study D). IPV had a clinically acceptable safety profile in all studies. Grade 3 local and systemic reactions were uncommon. No SAEs were related to IPV administration.
CONCLUSION
Trivalent IPV is non-inferior to OPV in terms of seroprotection (in the Chinese vaccination schedule) in infant and toddlers, with a clinically acceptable safety profile.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Male; Pilot Projects; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 26873055
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.010 -
Journal of Virological Methods Mar 2014Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) are associated with polio outbreaks and prolonged infections in individuals with primary immunodeficiencies. VDPV-specific PCR...
Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) are associated with polio outbreaks and prolonged infections in individuals with primary immunodeficiencies. VDPV-specific PCR assays for each of the three Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) strains were developed, targeting sequences within the VP1 capsid region that are selected for during replication of OPV in the human intestine. Over 2400 Sabin-related isolates and identified 755 VDPVs were screened. Sensitivity of all assays was 100%, while specificity was 100% for serotypes 1 and 3, and 76% for serotype 2. The assays permit rapid, sensitive identification of OPV-related viruses and flag programmatically important isolates for further characterization by genomic sequencing.
Topics: Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors; Virology
PubMed: 24321704
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.11.017 -
Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1984The biotechnologic developments during the last decade have led to the production of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) on an industrial scale and at economically...
The biotechnologic developments during the last decade have led to the production of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) on an industrial scale and at economically acceptable costs. Replacement of primary monkey kidney cells by subcultured monkey kidney, Vero, or human diploid cells as substrate for virus multiplication as well as the introduction of the microcarrier culture technique have made cell and virus cultivation in large fermentors of 100-1,000 liters feasible. Procedures for processing virus harvests into highly concentrated purified vaccines were developed; also, the safety and potency control tests were improved and simplified. It has been demonstrated that these more potent poliovirus vaccines, either alone or in combination with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, induce a high immunity with reduced vaccination schedules. The overall costs of vaccination will be reduced considerably in this way. In addition, the results of biochemical and immunologic studies indicate that neutralizing antibodies can be induced by the viral proteins alone. These findings open up promising perspectives for production of subunit poliovirus vaccines with use of recombinant DNA and synthetic antigen, a method that has already proved feasible for producing vaccine against foot and mouth disease. These new techniques may lead to a further reduction of production costs and will improve the safety of the vaccine.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Costs and Cost Analysis; Diphtheria Toxoid; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Drug Combinations; Haplorhini; Humans; Pertussis Vaccine; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Tetanus Toxoid; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 6429814
DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.supplement_2.s335 -
Archives of Internal Medicine Jul 1960
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 14440554
DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1960.03820010007003 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Jul 2009Over the past half-century, global use of highly effective vaccines against poliomyelitis brought this disease to the brink of elimination. Mounting evidence supports... (Review)
Review
Over the past half-century, global use of highly effective vaccines against poliomyelitis brought this disease to the brink of elimination. Mounting evidence supports the argument that a high level of population immunity must be maintained after wild poliovirus circulation is stopped to preserve a polio-free status worldwide. Shifting factors in the risk-benefit-cost equation favor the creation of new poliovirus vaccines for use in the foreseeable future. Genetically stable attenuated virus strains could be developed for an improved oral poliovirus vaccine, but proving their safety and efficacy would be impractical owing to the enormous size of the clinical trials required. Novel versions of inactivated poliovirus vaccine that could be used globally should be developed. An improved inactivated poliovirus vaccine must be efficacious, inexpensive, safe to manufacture and easy to administer. Combination products containing inactivated poliovirus vaccine and other protective antigens should become part of routine childhood immunizations around the world.
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Vaccines, Combined; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 19545205
DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.49 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2024Despite multiple revisions of targets and timelines in polio eradication plans since 1988, including changes in supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) that increase... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite multiple revisions of targets and timelines in polio eradication plans since 1988, including changes in supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) that increase immunity above routine immunization (RI) coverage, poliovirus transmission continues as of 2024.
METHODS
We reviewed polio eradication plans and Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) annual reports and budgets to characterize key phases of polio eradication, the evolution of poliovirus vaccines, and the role of SIAs. We used polio epidemiology to provide context for successes and failures and updated prior modeling to show the contribution of SIAs in achieving and maintaining low polio incidence compared to expected incidence for the counterfactual of RI only.
RESULTS
We identified multiple phases of polio eradication that included shifts in targets and timelines and the introduction of different poliovirus vaccines, which influenced polio epidemiology. Notable shifts occurred in GPEI investments in SIAs since 2001, particularly since 2016. Modeling results suggest that SIAs play(ed) a key role in increasing (and maintaining) high population immunity to levels required to eradicate poliovirus transmission globally.
CONCLUSIONS
Shifts in polio eradication strategy and poliovirus vaccine usage in SIAs provide important context for understanding polio epidemiology, delayed achievement of polio eradication milestones, and complexity of the polio endgame.
Topics: Poliomyelitis; Humans; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Poliovirus Vaccines; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Poliovirus
PubMed: 38813792
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2361060 -
Pediatrics Jun 2001To determine whether the change from an all oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) schedule to an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)-containing schedule has adversely affected...
Impact of the change to inactivated poliovirus vaccine on the immunization status of young children in the United States: a study from pediatric research in office settings and the National Medical Association.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the change from an all oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) schedule to an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)-containing schedule has adversely affected the immunization status of young children in the United States.
METHODS
Immunization data were abstracted from the medical records of children 8 to 35 months old seen consecutively for any reason in the offices of practicing pediatricians who are members of the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network of the American Academy of Pediatrics or the National Medical Association. Data on up to 120 eligible children were collected in each practice between March 1998 and January 2000. Patients were classified as fully immunized at 8 months old if they had received 3 diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, 2 Haemophilus influenzae type b, 2 hepatitis B, and 2 poliovirus vaccines. Study children who were >/=12 months of age at the time that data were collected were categorized as being fully immunized at 12 months if they had received the same vaccines before their first birthday. To assess the effect of type of poliovirus vaccines on these outcomes, study patients were classified as being in an IPV or OPV group based on the initial type of vaccine received. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for IPV as a predictor of being fully immunized at 8 and 12 months of age, after adjusting for race/ethnicity of the patient, maternal education level, year of birth, and method of payment for vaccines. In addition, the effect of clustering of children within practices was accounted for by the use of generalized estimation equation techniques.
RESULTS
Data were analyzed on 13 520 children from 177 practices in 42 states; 79.4% of patients were fully immunized at 8 months of age, and 88.7% of those eligible were fully immunized at 12 months of age. A total of 6910 patients (51.1%) were classified as OPV recipients, wheras 5282 (39.1%) received IPV. In addition, 1328 children (9.8%) were documented as having received poliovirus vaccine, but the particular type could not be determined. Compared with OPV recipients and after controlling for the confounding variables and the effect of clustering within practices, children in the IPV group were as likely as were OPV recipients to be fully immunized at 8 months of age (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.88,1.23). At 12 months of age, the OR for IPV as a predictor of being fully immunized was 1.08 (95% CI: 0.90,1.30). When compared with OPV recipients, adjusted ORs for children in the undetermined poliovirus vaccine type group being fully immunized at 8 and 12 months of age were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.68,1.04) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.67,1.07), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this national study indicate that the implementation of an IPV-containing poliovirus vaccine schedule has not had an adverse effect on the immunization status of young children who were vaccinated in the offices of practicing pediatricians.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Male; Medical Records; Pediatrics; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; United States
PubMed: 11389288
DOI: 10.1542/peds.107.6.e90