-
Risk Analysis : An Official Publication... Dec 2006Inherent in the decision to launch the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988 was the expectation for many people that immunization against poliomyelitis would... (Review)
Review
Inherent in the decision to launch the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988 was the expectation for many people that immunization against poliomyelitis would eventually simply stop, as had been the case with smallpox following its eradication in 1977. However, the strategies for managing the risks associated with a "polio-free" world must be continuously refined to reflect new developments, particularly in our understanding of the live polioviruses in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and in the international approach to managing potential biohazards. The most important of these developments has been the confirmation in 2000 that vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) can circulate and cause polio outbreaks, making the use of OPV after interruption of wild poliovirus transmission incompatible with a polio-free world. A comprehensive strategy has been developed to minimize the risks associated with eventual OPV cessation, centered on appropriate long-term biocontainment of poliovirus stocks (whether for vaccine production, diagnosis, or research), the controlled reintroduction of any live poliovirus vaccine (i.e., from an OPV stockpile), and appropriate use of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Although some aspects of this risk management strategy are still debated, there is wide agreement that no strategy would entirely eliminate the potential risks to a polio-free world. The current strategy for risk management in a polio-free world will continue to evolve with better characterization of these risks and the development of more effective approaches both to reduce those risks and to limit their consequences should they occur.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Immunization Programs; International Cooperation; Mass Vaccination; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Risk Management; World Health Organization
PubMed: 17184391
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00840.x -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1961In the course of campaigns for the mass immunization of large segments of the population of the Soviet Union with live poliovirus vaccine prepared in the USSR from...
In the course of campaigns for the mass immunization of large segments of the population of the Soviet Union with live poliovirus vaccine prepared in the USSR from attenuated Sabin strains, some 15 200 000 persons received oral vaccine in 1959 and over 77 478 800 persons (mainly between 2 months and 20 years old) in 1960. Approximately 95% of these were given the vaccine incorporated in dragées.The present paper gives data on the safety and immunological activity of the live vaccine, on virus carriage and transmission of the vaccine virus to contacts, and on virus interference.In a comparison between poliomyelitis incidence in 1960 in regions where mass live vaccine immunization had been carried out and the incidence in areas where inactivated Salk vaccine was used in 1958-60, it is shown that, while the Salk vaccine did not fundamentally influence the epidemic process, the Sabin live vaccine brought about a sharp reduction in incidence and prevented the usual summer-autumn rise in the number of poliomyelitis cases.It is concluded from the two years' experience in the mass use of live vaccine from Sabin strains that poliomyelitis epidemics can be prevented.
Topics: Humans; Mass Vaccination; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; USSR
PubMed: 13879389
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Environmental Health Jan 1965
Topics: Child; Enterovirus C, Human; Feces; Fever; Humans; Infant; New York; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Statistics as Topic; Vaccination; Virus Cultivation
PubMed: 14219480
DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1965.10663945 -
Pediatrics Apr 1963
Topics: Antibody Formation; Child; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestines; Parturition; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Vaccines
PubMed: 13975877
DOI: No ID Found -
Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire Oct 2006
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 17066552
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2022In a blinded phase 1 trial (EudraCT 2017-0000908-21; NCT03430349) in Belgium, healthy adults (aged 18-50 years) previously immunized exclusively with inactivated...
In a blinded phase 1 trial (EudraCT 2017-0000908-21; NCT03430349) in Belgium, healthy adults (aged 18-50 years) previously immunized exclusively with inactivated poliovirus vaccine were administered a single dose of 1 of 2 novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccines (nOPV2-c1: S2/cre5/S15domV/rec1/hifi3 (n = 15); nOPV2-c2: S2/S15domV/CpG40 (n = 15)) and isolated for 28 days in a purpose-built containment facility. Using stool samples collected near days 0, 14, 21, and 28, we evaluated intestinal neutralization and immunoglobulin A responses to the nOPV2s and found that nOPV2-c1 and nOPV2-c2 induced detectable poliovirus type 2-specific intestinal neutralizing responses in 40.0% and 46.7% of participants, respectively.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Belgium; Feces; Humans; Middle Aged; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Vaccines, Attenuated; Young Adult
PubMed: 33367918
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa783 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2024Despite multiple revisions of targets and timelines in polio eradication plans since 1988, including changes in supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) that increase... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite multiple revisions of targets and timelines in polio eradication plans since 1988, including changes in supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) that increase immunity above routine immunization (RI) coverage, poliovirus transmission continues as of 2024.
METHODS
We reviewed polio eradication plans and Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) annual reports and budgets to characterize key phases of polio eradication, the evolution of poliovirus vaccines, and the role of SIAs. We used polio epidemiology to provide context for successes and failures and updated prior modeling to show the contribution of SIAs in achieving and maintaining low polio incidence compared to expected incidence for the counterfactual of RI only.
RESULTS
We identified multiple phases of polio eradication that included shifts in targets and timelines and the introduction of different poliovirus vaccines, which influenced polio epidemiology. Notable shifts occurred in GPEI investments in SIAs since 2001, particularly since 2016. Modeling results suggest that SIAs play(ed) a key role in increasing (and maintaining) high population immunity to levels required to eradicate poliovirus transmission globally.
CONCLUSIONS
Shifts in polio eradication strategy and poliovirus vaccine usage in SIAs provide important context for understanding polio epidemiology, delayed achievement of polio eradication milestones, and complexity of the polio endgame.
Topics: Poliomyelitis; Humans; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Poliovirus Vaccines; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Poliovirus
PubMed: 38813792
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2361060 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Feb 2008Between June and October 2005, 45 laboratory-confirmed type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) cases were identified on Madura Island in Indonesia. Genetic sequencing...
Between June and October 2005, 45 laboratory-confirmed type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) cases were identified on Madura Island in Indonesia. Genetic sequencing data on VDPV isolates were consistent with replication and circulation for up to approximately 2 years. Concurrent circulation with type 1 wild poliovirus (WPV) enabled comparisons of VDPV and WPV cases and found that clinical and epidemiological features of both were similar. Attack rates for VDPV were as high as those for WPV. Of 41 VDPV case patients with known vaccination status, 25 (61%) had received zero oral polio vaccine (OPV) doses. Low population immunity due to low routine OPV coverage in rural areas and the absence of WPV circulation for more than a decade were major predisposing factors for the emergence of VDPV. Suboptimal surveillance and a limited initial immunization response may have contributed to widespread circulation. Sensitive surveillance and prompt high-quality immunization responses are recommended to prevent the spread of VDPVs.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Immunization Schedule; Indonesia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Rural Population
PubMed: 18199031
DOI: 10.1086/525049 -
Gazette Medicale de France Dec 1963
Review
Topics: Child; Desensitization, Immunologic; Glucagon; Humans; Pediatrics; Poliovirus Vaccines; Respiratory Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 14099959
DOI: No ID Found -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Jun 2024
Topics: Poliomyelitis; Humans; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Immunization Programs; Poliovirus Vaccines; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 38564755
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004330