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British Medical Journal Oct 1964
Topics: Adolescent; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Child; Complement Fixation Tests; Epidemiology; Feces; Humans; Infant; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Scotland; Statistics as Topic; Tissue Culture Techniques; Virus Cultivation
PubMed: 14185637
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5413.853 -
Journal of Virology May 2013Since 2005, a large poliomyelitis outbreak associated with type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) has occurred in northern Nigeria, where immunization...
Since 2005, a large poliomyelitis outbreak associated with type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) has occurred in northern Nigeria, where immunization coverage with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) has been low. Phylogenetic analysis of P1/capsid region sequences of isolates from each of the 403 cases reported in 2005 to 2011 resolved the outbreak into 23 independent type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) emergences, at least 7 of which established circulating lineage groups. Virus from one emergence (lineage group 2005-8; 361 isolates) was estimated to have circulated for over 6 years. The population of the major cVDPV2 lineage group expanded rapidly in early 2009, fell sharply after two tOPV rounds in mid-2009, and gradually expanded again through 2011. The two major determinants of attenuation of the Sabin 2 oral poliovirus vaccine strain (A481 in the 5'-untranslated region [5'-UTR] and VP1-Ile143) had been replaced in all VDPV2 isolates; most A481 5'-UTR replacements occurred by recombination with other enteroviruses. cVDPV2 isolates representing different lineage groups had biological properties indistinguishable from those of wild polioviruses, including efficient growth in neuron-derived HEK293 cells, the capacity to cause paralytic disease in both humans and PVR-Tg21 transgenic mice, loss of the temperature-sensitive phenotype, and the capacity for sustained person-to-person transmission. We estimate from the poliomyelitis case count and the paralytic case-to-infection ratio for type 2 wild poliovirus infections that ∼700,000 cVDPV2 infections have occurred during the outbreak. The detection of multiple concurrent cVDPV2 outbreaks in northern Nigeria highlights the risks of cVDPV emergence accompanying tOPV use at low rates of coverage in developing countries.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Nigeria; Phylogeny; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 23408630
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02954-12 -
Journal of Medical Virology May 2011The cell substrate has a pivotal role in live virus vaccines production. It is necessary to evaluate the effects of the cell substrate on the properties of the...
The cell substrate has a pivotal role in live virus vaccines production. It is necessary to evaluate the effects of the cell substrate on the properties of the propagated viruses, especially in the case of viruses which are unstable genetically such as polioviruses, by monitoring the molecular and phenotypical characteristics of harvested viruses. To investigate the presence/absence of mutation(s), the near full-length genomic sequence of different harvests of the type 3 Sabin strain of poliovirus propagated in MRC-5 cells were determined. The sequences were compared with genomic sequences of different virus seeds, vaccines, and OPV-like isolates. Nearly complete genomic sequencing results, however, revealed no detectable mutations throughout the genome RNA-plaque purified (RSO)-derived monopool of type 3 OPVs manufactured in MRC-5. Thirty-six years of experience in OPV production, trend analysis, and vaccine surveillance also suggest that: (i) different monopools of serotype 3 OPV produced in MRC-5 retained their phenotypic characteristics (temperature sensitivity and neuroattenuation), (ii) MRC-5 cells support the production of acceptable virus yields, (iii) OPV replicated in the MRC-5 cell substrate is a highly efficient and safe vaccine. These results confirm previous reports that MRC-5 is a desirable cell substrate for the production of OPV.
Topics: Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Line; Genome, Viral; Genomic Instability; Humans; Mutation; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 21412797
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21804 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2023in August 2020, the World Health Organization African Region was certified free of wild poliovirus (WPV) when Nigeria became the last African country to interrupt wild...
INTRODUCTION
in August 2020, the World Health Organization African Region was certified free of wild poliovirus (WPV) when Nigeria became the last African country to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission. The National Polio Emergency Operations Center instituted in 2012 to coordinate and manage Nigerian polio eradication efforts reviewed the epidemiology of WPV cases during 2000-2020 to document lessons learned.
METHODS
we analyzed reported WPV cases by serotype based on age, oral poliovirus vaccine immunization history, month and year of reported cases, and annual geographic distribution based on incidence rates at the Local Government Area level. The observed trends of cases were related to major events and the poliovirus vaccines used during mass vaccination campaigns within the analysis period.
RESULTS
a total of 3,579 WPV type 1 and 1,548 WPV type 3 laboratory-confirmed cases were reported with onset during 2000-2020. The highest WPV incidence rates per 100,000 population in Local Government Areas were 19.4, 12.0, and 11.3, all in 2006. Wild poliovirus cases were reported each year during 2000-2014; the endemic transmission went undetected throughout 2015 until the last cases in 2016. Ten events/milestones were highlighted, including insurgency in the northeast which led to a setback in 2016 with four cases from children previously trapped in security-compromised areas.
CONCLUSION
Nigeria interrupted WPV transmission despite the challenges faced because of the emergency management approach, implementation of mass vaccination campaigns, the commitment of the government agencies, support from global polio partners, and special strategies deployed to conduct vaccination and surveillance in the security-compromised areas.
Topics: Child; Humans; Poliovirus; Nigeria; Population Surveillance; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Immunization Programs; Disease Eradication
PubMed: 38370099
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.38079 -
Journal of Virological Methods Feb 2020To address the biosafety and biosecurity concerns related to the manufacture of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), several manufacturers started producing it from...
To address the biosafety and biosecurity concerns related to the manufacture of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), several manufacturers started producing it from attenuated Sabin strains. Slight immunological differences between wild and attenuated strains create a challenge for testing IPV potency, which is defined as the content of protective D-antigen determined in an ELISA test. Some ELISA reagents selected for testing conventional IPV made from wild strains (cIPV) may not be suitable for testing Sabin IPV (sIPV). This paper describes an ELISA procedure using human monoclonal antibodies selected to capture equally well both wild and attenuated strains of poliovirus. A unique monoclonal antibody neutralizing all three serotypes of poliovirus was used as the detection antibody. The method was shown to detect only D-antigen of both conventional and Sabin IPV and to be strictly serotype-specific. The method is highly sensitive and robust and produces linear results in a wide range of concentrations. We have also found that reference standards used for measuring potency of cIPV and sIPV must be made from respective vaccines. This makes it impossible to cross-calibrate potency reagents made from heterologous vaccine and requires the establishment of a new unit to measure potency of sIPV that is different from conventional D-antigen unit.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antigens, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Serogroup; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 31765719
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113785 -
Medical Science Feb 1964
Topics: Child; Humans; Immunity; Immunization; Infant; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 14118942
DOI: No ID Found -
Virginia Medical Monthly Feb 1964
Topics: Biometry; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Statistics as Topic; Virginia
PubMed: 14119137
DOI: No ID Found -
The Medical Clinics of North America Sep 1963
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Statistics as Topic; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 14062089
DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)33529-5 -
The American Journal of Nursing Mar 1963
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Public Health Nursing
PubMed: 13977283
DOI: No ID Found -
Expert Review of Vaccines Apr 2005This review describes several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques proposed to replace the neutralization test for detecting neutralization-relevant... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
This review describes several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques proposed to replace the neutralization test for detecting neutralization-relevant antibodies to polioviruses in recipients of inactivated poliovirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine, and for seroepidemiologic studies. Comparisons of results from ELISA and the neutralization test suggest that ELISA variants, based on the principle of blocking or binding inhibition that emulate the neutralization test, might offer an alternative to the neutralization test. However, to replace the neutralization test with ELISA would first require extensive studies with very large numbers of serum samples, including sera having low titers of neutralizing antibodies, in order to obtain reliable and statistically sound validation.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Neutralization Tests; Poliovirus Vaccines; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 15889990
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.2.167