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Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi = Hukuoka Acta... May 1995A clinical trial using the combination of rice bran fiber (RBF) and cholestyramine (CHO) was carried out on Yu-Cheng patients in 1993-1994. By the analysis of blood and... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Clinical trial of a combination of rice bran fiber and cholestyramine for promotion of fecal excretion of retained polychlorinated dibenzofuran and polychlorinated biphenyl in Yu-Cheng patients.
A clinical trial using the combination of rice bran fiber (RBF) and cholestyramine (CHO) was carried out on Yu-Cheng patients in 1993-1994. By the analysis of blood and stool samples collected from the patients before and after (or during in the case of stool), it was verified that the administration of RBF and CHO is effective for excretion of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (p < 0.05) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), especially 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (p < 0.05). However, the degree of effectiveness varied upon individual patients from 60 to 160% for 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, from 30 to 110% for 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-hexachlorodibenzofuran and from 50 to 190% for PCB, respectively.
Topics: Benzofurans; Cholestyramine Resin; Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; Dietary Fiber; Drug Residues; Feces; Food Contamination; Humans; Oryza; Plant Oils; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 7628813
DOI: No ID Found -
Environmental Health Perspectives Dec 1998The reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by anaerobic bacteria has recently been established as an important environmental fate of these...
The reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by anaerobic bacteria has recently been established as an important environmental fate of these compounds. This process removes chlorines directly from the biphenyl ring with replacement by hydrogen, resulting in a product mixture in which the average number of chlorines per biphenyl is reduced. In this study, dechlorination of commercial PCB mixtures (Aroclors 1242 and 1254) by microorganisms eluted from PCB-contaminated sediments of the River Raisin (Michigan) and Silver Lake (Massachusetts) caused a depletion in the proportion of highly chlorinated PCB congeners and an accumulation of lesser-chlorinated congeners. Dechlorination occurred primarily at the meta and, to a much lesser extent, para positions of biphenyl. The concentrations of the coplanar congeners including 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl, the most potent dioxinlike congener, were significantly lowered by reductive dechlorination. Microbial reductive dechlorination of commercial PCB mixtures caused a substantial reduction in biologic activities in several instances. It significantly lowered or eliminated the inhibitory effects of Aroclors on fertilization of mouse gametes in vitro. Similarly, the dechlorinated product mixtures had substantially lower ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction potencies and showed less ability to induce activating protein 1 transcription factor activity as compared to the unaltered Aroclors. In other assays the same dechlorinated product mixtures demonstrated biologic activities similar to the nondechlorinated Aroclors, including the ability of PCB mixtures to stimulate insulin secretion and cause neutrophil activation. The data presented here establish that the biologic activities of commercial PCB mixtures are altered by microbial reductive dechlorination and that an assessment of their toxic potential requires an array of tests that include the different mechanisms associated with PCBs.
Topics: Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Chlorine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin; Male; Mice; Neutrophil Activation; Oxidation-Reduction; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 9860899
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.98106s61409 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Jan 2003The concentrations of a wide range of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides in a fish tissue Standard Reference Material (SRM) have been...
The concentrations of a wide range of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides in a fish tissue Standard Reference Material (SRM) have been determined using multiple methods of analysis. This material, SRM 1946, Lake Superior Fish Tissue, was recently issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and complements a suite of marine environmental natural-matrix SRMs that are currently available from NIST for the determination of organic contaminants such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, and chlorinated pesticides. SRM 1946 is a fresh tissue homogenate (frozen) prepared from filleted adult lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush namaycush) collected from the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior. SRM 1946 has certified and reference concentrations for PCB congeners, including the three non- ortho PCB congeners, and chlorinated pesticides. Certified concentrations are available for 30 PCB congeners and 15 chlorinated pesticides. Reference concentrations are available for 12 PCB congeners and 2 chlorinated pesticides. In addition, SRM 1946 is characterized for additional chemical constituents and properties: fatty acids, extractable fat, methylmercury, total mercury, selected trace elements, proximates, and caloric content. The characterization of chlorinated compounds is described in this paper with an emphasis on the approach used for the certification of the concentrations of PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides. The PCB congener and chlorinated pesticide data are also compared to concentrations in other marine natural-matrix reference materials available from NIST (fish oil, mussel tissue, whale blubber, and a second fresh frozen fish tissue homogenate prepared from filleted adult lake trout collected from Lake Michigan) and from other organizations such as the National Research Council Canada (ground whole carp), the International Atomic Energy Agency (fish homogenate), and the European Commission Joint Research Centre [fish oils (cod and mackerel) and mussel tissue].
Topics: Animals; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Insecticides; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Reference Standards; Trout
PubMed: 12560966
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-002-1680-5 -
PloS One 2015Copper sulfates (CuSO4) are widely used as the primary component of fungicides in the grape industry. The agricultural-grade CuSO4 that we collected from Chinese...
Copper sulfates (CuSO4) are widely used as the primary component of fungicides in the grape industry. The agricultural-grade CuSO4 that we collected from Chinese nationwide markets were found to be contaminated by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ19PCBs: 0.32~9.51 ng/g). In the following research, we studied the impact of CuSO4 application on PCB levels in grape products through a field experiment, and conducted a national survey to speculate the role that CuSO4 played on the occurrence of PCB in grapes. In the field experiment, an obvious increase of PCBs in grape leaves (from 174 to 250 pg/g fw) was observed after Bordeaux mixture (the main component of which is CuSO4) application. As to the main PCB congener in CuSO4, the most toxic CB 126 (toxic equivalency factor = 0.1) also increased in grape peels (from 1.66 to 2.93 pg/g fw) after pesticide spray. Both the correlation study and the principal component analysis indicated that environmental factors were dominant PCB contributors to grapes, and grapes from e-waste dismantling area containing the highest PCBs also proved the notion. It is worth noting that this report describes the first research examining PCBs in CuSO4 and its influence on agricultural products to date.
Topics: Agrochemicals; China; Copper Sulfate; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Vitis
PubMed: 26658158
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144896 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Oct 1980
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 6777354
DOI: No ID Found -
Chemosphere Oct 2011Though polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have distributed as threats in the environment to human beings for several decades, monitoring of trace level PCBs in-field is...
Though polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have distributed as threats in the environment to human beings for several decades, monitoring of trace level PCBs in-field is still a challenge. As a potential method for monitoring PCBs at trace levels, Raman spectroscopy has been used to detect several PCBs in the laboratory. To facilitate the development of rapid detection of PCBs by Raman spectroscopy, it is essential to investigate the Raman spectra of all PCB congeners. Herein, the stable configurations and vibrational spectra of all the PCB congeners were calculated by Gaussian 03 program package. Based on molecular symmetry, PCBs are classified into seven groups. The structural features and the normal vibration modes for each group are discussed. Taking the C(2)-2 group as an example, the wavenumber ranges of the various normal vibration modes in the Raman spectra of PCBs were analyzed. The accuracy of calculated results was verified by experimental Raman spectra of PCB77 standard. This study can elucidate further information to promote the development of Raman spectroscopy in environmental monitoring.
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Models, Theoretical; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 21875740
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.067 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jan 1988Based on a literature review of the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in commercial formulations, environmental and biological samples and human... (Review)
Review
Based on a literature review of the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in commercial formulations, environmental and biological samples and human tissues, and a consideration of the relative toxicity and persistence of the congeners, suggestions are made as to the most relevant components to be quantified by a selective congener analytical approach to human foodstuffs and tissues. These criteria suggest congener numbers 28, 74, 77, 99, 105, 118, 126, 128, 138, 153, 156, 169, 170, 179 and 180 will give a measure of greater than 70% of the total PCB tissue burden in a sample and be of greatest toxicological significance. Additionally, congeners 8, 37, 44, 49, 52, 60, 66, 70, 82, 87, 101, 114, 158, 166, 183, 187 and 189 are considered because of their reported occurrence or toxicity.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Body Fluids; Female; Food Analysis; Humans; Male; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 3129782
DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(88)90367-1 -
Ecotoxicology (London, England) Sep 2016Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (HO-PCBs) are toxic contaminants which are produced in the environment by biological or abiotic oxidation of PCBs. The toxicity of...
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (HO-PCBs) are toxic contaminants which are produced in the environment by biological or abiotic oxidation of PCBs. The toxicity of a suite of 23 mono-hydroxylated derivatives of PCBs and 12 parent PCBs was determined using the bacterial bioluminescent assay Microtox(®). All HO-PCBs tested exhibited higher toxicity than the corresponding parent PCB, with effect concentration 50 % (EC50) ranging from 0.07 to 133 mg L(-1). The highest toxicities were recorded with 4-hydroxylated derivatives of di-chlorinated biphenyls (EC50 = 0.07-0.36 mg L(-1)) and 2-hydroxylated derivatives of tri-chlorinated biphenyls carrying a chlorine substituent on the phenolic ring (EC50 = 0.34-0.48 mg L(-1)). The toxicity of HO-PCBs generally decreased when the degree of chlorination increased. Consistently with this observation, a significant positive correlation was measured between toxicity (measured by EC50) and octanol-water partition coefficient (pK ow) for the HO-PCBs under study (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.74), which may be explained by the lower solubility and bioavailability generally associated with higher hydrophobicity. This study is the first one which assessed the toxicity of a suite of PCBs and HO-PCBs using the bioluminescent assay Microtox(®), showing an inverse correlation between toxicity and hydrophobicity.
Topics: Environmental Pollutants; Luminescent Measurements; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 27411941
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1693-z -
The Science of the Total Environment Jun 2022Many polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners are found in both legacy Aroclor mixtures and modern materials, and both contribute to PCBs levels in ambient air. The...
Many polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners are found in both legacy Aroclor mixtures and modern materials, and both contribute to PCBs levels in ambient air. The various sources of PCBs make it difficult to quantify the relative importance of emissions from remaining legacy materials and emissions of PCBs released from production and use of modern products. To address this challenge, we utilized active and passive sampling, analytical methods optimized for PCBs, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and cos theta to examine the chemical signature of PCBs in Chicago air. Here we report our findings for over 640 samples collected over 7 years and analyzed for all 209 congeners. We conclude that Aroclor sources (1254, 1016/1242, and 1260) are consistent and dominant contributors to Chicago air. However, non-Aroclors sources accounted for 13%-16% of the total PCBs measured. Our analysis indicates non-Aroclor sources explain 99% of PCB11, 90% of PCB 68, and 58-69% of congeners with 8 to 10 chlorines in Chicago air. All of these are known to be emitted from paints or silicone polymers. Additionally, we identified over 20 congeners that have non-Aroclor contributions of more than 50% including PCB 3 (4-monochlorobiphenyl, 83% non-Aroclor) as well as 7 congeners of unknown sources: PCBs 43, 46, 55, 89, 96, 137, and 139 + 140. Non-Aroclor emission sources contribute to the entire range of congeners from mono- to deca-chlorobiphenyls. We found evidence of highly localized non-Aroclor sources including a signature similar to that of green paint. We also found source signals similar to the PCB congeners volatilizing from and absorbing to neighboring Lake Michigan. The measured profiles vary from season to season: lower chlorinated congeners dominate in winter months while higher chlorinated congeners contribute more in summer.
Topics: Air; Aroclors; Chicago; Lakes; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 35066038
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153263 -
Environment International 2016Traditional food (TF) consumption represents the main route of persistent organic pollutant (POP) exposure for indigenous Arctic Canadians. Ongoing dietary transitions...
BACKGROUND
Traditional food (TF) consumption represents the main route of persistent organic pollutant (POP) exposure for indigenous Arctic Canadians. Ongoing dietary transitions away from TFs and toward imported foods (IFs) may contribute to decreasing POP exposures observed in these groups.
METHODS
To explore this issue, we combined the global fate and transport model GloboPOP and the human food chain bioaccumulation model ACC-Human Arctic to simulate polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure in two indigenous Arctic Canadian communities from the Inuvik region, Northwest Territories and Baffin region, Nunavut. Using dietary survey information from initial (1996-98) and follow-up (2005-07) biomonitoring campaigns in Inuvik and Baffin, we simulated PCB exposures (PCB-118, -138, -153, and -180) for each individual study participant and also whole study populations.
RESULTS
TF intake rates, particularly of marine mammals (MMs), were the most important predictors of modeled PCB exposure, while TF consumption did not associate consistently with measured PCB exposures. Further, reported mean TF intake increased from baseline to follow-up in both Inuvik (from 8 to 183gd(-1)) and Baffin (from 60 to 134gd(-1)), opposing both the expected dietary transition direction and the observed decrease in human PCB exposures in these communities (ΣPCB Inuvik: from 43 to 29ngglipid(-1), ΣPCB Baffin: from 213 to 82ngglipid(-1)). However dietary questionnaire data are frequently subject to numerous biases (e.g., recall, recency, confirmation), and thus casts doubt on the usefulness of these data.
CONCLUSIONS
Ultimately, our model's capability to reproduce historic PCB exposure data in these two groups was highly sensitive to TF intake, further underscoring the importance of accurate TF consumption reporting, and clarification of the role of dietary transitions in future POP biomonitoring of indigenous Arctic populations.
Topics: Animals; Arctic Regions; Canada; Diet; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Food Chain; Humans; Male; Nunavut; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 27115916
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.011