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Bulletin of Environmental Contamination... Oct 1974
Topics: Aroclors; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Ethylene Glycols; Lighting; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Temperature; Water Pollution, Chemical
PubMed: 4215522
DOI: 10.1007/BF01684982 -
Environmental Research Jul 2005The major determinants of human polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) body burden include the source and route of exposure and the toxicokinetic processes occurring after...
The major determinants of human polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) body burden include the source and route of exposure and the toxicokinetic processes occurring after uptake. However, the relative importance of each factor for individual subjects cannot currently be determined. The present study characterizes levels and patterns of PCB congeners in a large cohort of adult Akwesasne Mohawks with historical PCB exposure. Total serum PCB ranged from 0.29 to 48.32 ng/g and was higher in adult men than in women (median of 3.81 vs. 2.94 ng/g). The mean serum congener profile for the full cohort was dominated by persistent penta- to hepta-chlorinated biphenyls; several labile congeners were also prominent. In order to provide additional information on individual body burden determinants, multivariate exploratory data analysis techniques were applied to the congener-specific serum PCB data. A self-training receptor model, polytopic vector analysis (PVA), was employed to determine the number, composition, and relative proportions of independent congener patterns that contributed to the overall serum PCB profile for each Mohawk subject. PVA identified five such patterns, each of which was characterized by a unique mix of congeners. One pattern observed in a limited number of Mohawks was similar to those reported for air sampled near contaminated sediment deposits at Akwesasne and for volatilized Aroclor 1248 and is hypothesized to reflect recent inhalation exposure in these subjects. A second pattern was consistent with unaltered Aroclor 1254. A third pattern, resembling Aroclor 1262 but without labile congeners, was correlated with age and is interpreted as representing a lifetime PCB accumulation profile. The final two patterns were dominated by subsets of major persistent congeners and are hypothesized to reflect intermediate bioaccumulation profiles and/or differences in individual toxicokinetics. The results confirm the utility of a multivariate exploratory analysis approach to congener-specific PCB data and provide additional insight into the exposure and individual factors that determine PCB body burden in this population.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Air Pollutants; Aroclors; Case-Control Studies; Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine); Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Population Dynamics; Risk Assessment; Sex Factors; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 15910784
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.09.004 -
Chemosphere Dec 2021Silicone rubber production using bis(2,4)-dichlorobenzoylperoxide (2,4-DCBP) as cross-linking agent was recently found to emit significant amounts of the non-Aroclor PCB...
Significant release of unintentionally produced non-Aroclor polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners PCB 47, PCB 51 and PCB 68 from a silicone rubber production site in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Silicone rubber production using bis(2,4)-dichlorobenzoylperoxide (2,4-DCBP) as cross-linking agent was recently found to emit significant amounts of the non-Aroclor PCB congeners PCB 47, PCB 51 and PCB 68 into ambient air. Emissions were reported initially to be associated with flue gas condensate flakes deposited in the direct vicinity of the production site. These flakes were mainly composed of 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid and were contaminated with PCBs in the range of 150-300 mg/kg. Analysis of ambient air proved that also substantial gaseous emissions of the specific PCB congeners occur. The PCB congeners PCB 47, PCB 51 and PCB 68 were also found in bulk deposition samples, bio-indicators (dandelion, kale) and soil samples in the vicinity of the production site. Substitution of 2,4-DCBP by other cross-linking agents and mitigation measures led to a significant decrease of environmental impact.
Topics: Germany; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Silicone Elastomers
PubMed: 34329153
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131449 -
Environmental Science & Technology Feb 2007Three shear turbulence resuspension mesocosms (STORM tanks) were used to examine the release of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from resuspended Hudson River sediment....
Three shear turbulence resuspension mesocosms (STORM tanks) were used to examine the release of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from resuspended Hudson River sediment. Twenty-two percent of the resuspended PCBs desorbed after 2 h, and 35% +/- 8% of PCBs were in the dissolved phase after apparent steady state was reached in 2 days. After the first resuspension event, the solids were allowed to settle and the quiescent time was varied to determine whether the labile pool of PCBs is recharged during sediment consolidation. The steady-state log Koc values for the third subsequent resuspension were higher than for the first event due to lower dissolved PCB concentrations; the particulate PCB concentrations were constant between events. With 1 day of consolidation between resuspension events, the dissolved concentration of all congeners decreased an average of 8% +/- 5% between subsequent resuspension events. With 4 days between events, only the dissolved pentachlorinated PCBs decreased significantly (p = 0.002), suggesting that the easily desorbable PCBs recharge when there is sufficient time between resuspension events.
Topics: Adsorption; Carbon; Geologic Sediments; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Rivers; Time Factors; Water Movements; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 17593705
DOI: 10.1021/es0607584 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jun 2018Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is suspected to interfere with fetal development including reproductive and thyroid function and birth outcomes, but...
Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is suspected to interfere with fetal development including reproductive and thyroid function and birth outcomes, but published evidence are still sparse. We designed a cross-sectional study to analyze the associations between PCB levels in umbilical cord sera and hormones and birth outcomes of mothers and newborns who are residents from an island. Seven indicator-PCB (PCB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180), and five reproductive hormones including luteotropic hormones (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and anti-Mullerian hormones (AMH), and three thyroid hormones including tri-iodothyronine (T3), tetra-iodothyronine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) were measured in 106 cord sera specimens. Birth outcomes include birth weight, length, head circumference, and gestational age. Multiple linear regression and quartile regression were used to analyze the associations between PCB and each of the hormones and birth outcomes, adjusting for selected potential confounders. The median value of total PCB in umbilical cord sera was 2.02 μg L (IQR, 1.13-4.64). Several negative associations between PCB exposure and reproductive hormones were found. Among them, the β value of PCB-101 for FSH reached -0.38 (95%CI, -0.69, -0.07; p = 0.02). Moreover, we also found some sex-specific associations i.e. PCB-28 was negatively correlated with LH and T and PCB-118 was negatively correlated with T in male newborns but not in female newborns. The associations between PCB and birth outcomes seem to differ by molecular weight of the PCB congeners i.e. the low-chlorinated PCB congeners were negatively associated with gestational age and head circumference while high-chlorinated PCB congeners were positively associated birth weight and gestational age. In this study, we found that PCB congeners with different molecular weight has different associations with hormones and birth outcomes, and future studies are recommended to investigate underlying mechanisms of these associations.
Topics: Birth Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Islands; Male; Maternal Exposure; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Testosterone; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Umbilical Cord
PubMed: 29525625
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.044 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2013Livers from 108 birds found prostrate or dead in Ilha Grande Bay between 2005 and 2010 were analyzed for 16 PCB congeners (IUPAC numbers 8, 18, 28, 31, 52, 77, 101, 118,...
Livers from 108 birds found prostrate or dead in Ilha Grande Bay between 2005 and 2010 were analyzed for 16 PCB congeners (IUPAC numbers 8, 18, 28, 31, 52, 77, 101, 118, 126, 128, 138, 149, 153, 169, 170, and 180). The species analyzed were Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus 1758), Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus 1758), Egretta thula (Molina 1782), and Ardea cocoi (Linnaeus 1766). The analysis were performed using Origin software (7.5, 2004) with a significant level of p<0.05. Data were checked for adherence to the standard assumptions of parametric tests using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality and the Levene's test for homogeneity of variances. This has revealed differences in concentration for some congeners. Results indicate relatively low PCBs contamination in aquatic birds, but it is implied the close relationship of environmental contamination, showing potential power of widespread biological and mutagenic adverse effects in trophic levels, and therefore, signalling risk to human health.
Topics: Animals; Bays; Birds; Brazil; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Liver; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 24346796
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201398112 -
Environment International Aug 2015Detailed polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signatures and chiral Enantiomer Fractions (EFs) of CB-95, CB-136 and CB-149 were measured for 30 workers at a transformer...
Detailed polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signatures and chiral Enantiomer Fractions (EFs) of CB-95, CB-136 and CB-149 were measured for 30 workers at a transformer dismantling plant. This was undertaken to identify sources of exposure and investigate changes to the PCB signature and EFs over different exposure periods. Approximately 1.5 g of serum was extracted and PCB signatures were created through analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) and EFs calculated following analysis by gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). A total of 84 PCBs were identified in the serum samples with concentrations of the 7 indicator PCBs ranging from 11-350 ng g(-1) of serum (1.2-39 μg g(-1) lipid). The PCB signatures were interpreted using principal component analysis (PCA) which was able to distinguish workers with background or recent minimal exposure from those with prolonged occupational exposure. Occupationally exposed individuals had a similar PCB profile to Aroclor A1260. However, individuals with prolonged exposure had depleted proportions of several PCB congeners that are susceptible to metabolism (CB-95, CB-101 and CB-151) and elevated proportions of PCBs that are resistant to metabolism (CB-74, CB-153, CB-138 and CB-180). The results also identified a third group of workers with elevated proportions of CB-28, CB-60, CB-66, CB-74, CB-105 and CB-118 who appeared to have been exposed to an additional source of PCBs. The results show near complete removal of the CB-95 E2 enantiomer in some samples, indicating that bioselective metabolism or preferential excretion of one enantiomer occurs in humans. By considering PCB concentrations along with detailed congener specific signatures it was possible to identify different exposure sources, and gain an insight into both the magnitude and duration of exposure.
Topics: Environmental Pollutants; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Principal Component Analysis; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 25916940
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.006 -
Critical Reviews in Toxicology Feb 2024Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current... (Review)
Review
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
Topics: Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Hydroxylation; Sulfates; Environmental Pollution; Hazardous Substances
PubMed: 38363552
DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270 -
Food Additives and Contaminants 1990The determination of polychlorinated biphenyls presents several unique analytical problems, not least of which is the need to identify and quantify 209 possible... (Review)
Review
The determination of polychlorinated biphenyls presents several unique analytical problems, not least of which is the need to identify and quantify 209 possible analytes. Moreover, congener-specific analysis is essential because of structure-activity effects on toxicity and environmental stability. Although significant advances have been achieved in identification/quantification procedures with the aid of highly efficient, inert open tubular chromatography columns and coupled GC-MS, sampling and extraction procedures have not developed to the same extent. The primary focus of this review is the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in foods. However, the problems of separation and identification overshadow the importance of the sample matrix, and relevant data from other areas of analysis are quoted.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography; Food Analysis; Humans; Molecular Structure; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Spectrum Analysis
PubMed: 2113010
DOI: 10.1080/02652039009373880 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Feb 1973Polychlorinated biphenyl or triphenyl ingestion by subhuman primates for 3 months produced hyperplasia and dysplasia of the gastric mucosa. The concentration of the...
Polychlorinated biphenyl or triphenyl ingestion by subhuman primates for 3 months produced hyperplasia and dysplasia of the gastric mucosa. The concentration of the biphenyl within the experimental diet was less than an order of magnitude greater than that occurring in random food samples sold in the United States and less than levels which have occurred in food products as a result of industrial accidents. The increased cellularity, abnormal dysplastic growth pattern, and invasion of the adjacent tissue region indicate compromised gastric function and are suggestive of an eventual neoplastic transformation.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Benzene Derivatives; Gastric Mucosa; Haplorhini; Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Liver; Macaca; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 4196170
DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4072.498