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Journal of Toxicology and Environmental... 2016The distributions of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were determined in sediment and muscle of the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from the Ogun...
Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in the muscle of Clarias gariepinus and sediment from inland rivers of southwestern Nigeria and estimated potential human health consequences.
The distributions of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were determined in sediment and muscle of the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from the Ogun and Ona rivers, southwest Nigeria. In addition, the effect of PCB congeners on condition factor (CF) and associated human health risk was assessed using muscle levels for a noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) calculation. Elevated concentrations of high-molecular-weight (HMW) PCB congeners were detected in sediment and fish downstream of discharge points of both rivers. A significant reduction in fish body weight and CF was observed to correlate with high PCB congener concentrations in the Ona River. A principal component (PC) biplot revealed significant site-related PCB congener distribution patterns for HMW PCB in samples from the Ogun River (71.3%), while the Ona River (42.6%) showed significant PCB congener patterns for low-molecular-weight (LMW) congeners. Biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) was higher downstream for both rivers, presenting PCB congener-specific accumulation patterns in the Ona River. Significant decreases in fish body weight, length and CF were observed downstream compared to upstream in the Ona River. The non-carcinogenic HQ of dioxin-like congener 189 downstream in both rivers exceeded the HQ = 1 threshold for children and adults for both the Ogun and Ona rivers. Overall, our results suggest that industrial discharges contribute significantly to PCB inputs into these rivers, with potential for significant health implications for neighboring communities that utilize these rivers for fishing and other domestic purposes.
Topics: Animals; Catfishes; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Geologic Sediments; Humans; Muscles; Nigeria; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 27558803
DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1209141 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Nov 2017Due to limited samples and low-resolution analysis, conflicting findings on major polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and their origins remain in the East China Sea...
Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in surface sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent shelf by high-resolution sampling and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Due to limited samples and low-resolution analysis, conflicting findings on major polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and their origins remain in the East China Sea (ECS). Based on high-resolution sampling and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, 72 surface sediment samples from the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent ECS shelf were determined to characterize 39 PCB congeners. PCBs (∑PCBs) ranged from 0.003 to 16.18ng/g dw, presenting a decreasing seaward trend. Tri-, tetra- and penta-CBs were the main components, accounting for >64% of ∑PCBs in most samples. Tetra-CBs were the dominant congeners, corresponding to results of sediments from Changjiang middle reach and soils from Changjiang Delta. Comparison between PCBs and sediment properties indicated there may be a deposition boundary of 30°N. In the north, the spatial distribution of PCBs is controlled by Changjiang input and hydrodynamic conditions, while in the south closely related to combination of local source and riverine input.
Topics: China; Environmental Monitoring; Estuaries; Geologic Sediments; Mass Spectrometry; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Soil Pollutants; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 28743367
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.036 -
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Aug 2021
Response to Gard et al.'s (2021) Comments on the Critical Review "Polychlorinated Biphenyl Tissue-Concentration Thresholds for Survival, Growth, and Reproduction in Fish".
Topics: Animals; Fishes; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Reproduction
PubMed: 34291841
DOI: 10.1002/etc.5074 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Mar 2020PCB forensic science is the process of identifying the source(s) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at a site in the context of a legal proceeding to aid in identifying...
PCB forensic science is the process of identifying the source(s) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at a site in the context of a legal proceeding to aid in identifying the party(s) responsible for the cost of environmental remediation. The PCB forensic scientist should assemble and examine all the evidence and then develop opinions about sources, discharges, deposition, fate, transport, environmental impact, and other issues at dispute among the parties. PCBs are complex mixtures of compounds (Aroclors in USA) that can simultaneously reveal information about the source of the contamination, but also provide confounding and contradictory evidence. The issues are technically complex and the expert must systematically evaluate the facts, employ deep technical expertise, and use dispassionate judgment to provide expert opinions that assist the judge, jury, arbitrator, or allocator in rendering their decision as to the responsible party(s) or an apportionment of that responsibility. Different PCB products were used and disposed of that have characteristic congener mixture profiles. In the environment, these profiles can mix and weather over decades. Sampling and analysis can generate further uncertainties, notably the possible misidentification of Aroclors. The expert's challenge is to present their opinions clearly and authoritatively without overrepresenting the facts and data. This paper focuses on PCB contamination of sediment in aqueous sediment and uses a case study to illustrate application of forensic principles.
Topics: Aroclors; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 31919816
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07416-9 -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 1990Polychlorinated biphenyls occur as mixtures of congeners, each of which may be absorbed, excreted, or metabolized differently. Quantification of polychlorinated...
Polychlorinated biphenyls occur as mixtures of congeners, each of which may be absorbed, excreted, or metabolized differently. Quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls by packed-column GLC has been difficult. Many quantification techniques, generally based on quantification of a selected group of the congeners present, have been used by researchers. Results of these studies have not provided a consistent basis to determine the relationship between the amounts of polychlorinated biphenyls consumed and residual polychlorinated biphenyls in milk and animal tissues. In the present study, we hypothesized that if a standardized quantification procedure was applied, consistent dose:residue predictions could be made. Weighted percentage of each peak in the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture procedures was used as a standard method to quantify polychlorinated biphenyls in milk fat from published and unpublished studies where lactating cows were fed between 3.5 and 1000 mg/d (Aroclor 1254) for greater than or equal to 15 d. When steady state occurred by 60 d of dosing, the relationship between concentration in milk fat (microgram/g) and daily dose as mg and as mg/kg BW were described by the equations: [polychlorinated biphenyls, microgram/g]milk fat = .28 (daily dose, mg).82, and [polychlorinated biphenyls, microgram/g]milk fat = 50.2 (daily dose, mg/kg BW).81. Similar equations described the relationships between daily dose and concentrations in adipose tissue and blood plasma. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls residues in milk fat of 79 animals that were dosed with known quantities of polychlorinated biphenyls for 15 to 107 d confirmed that the equations could be valuable in predicting exposure over a wide range of exposure durations and concentrations.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Aroclors; Cattle; Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine); Chromatography, Gas; Drug Residues; Female; Lactation; Lipids; Milk; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Regression Analysis
PubMed: 2121809
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78894-7 -
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Nov 2006On the quantitative comparison of solubilities or vapor pressures of homologous series, the variation in the effect of crystal structure on solid properties may...
On the quantitative comparison of solubilities or vapor pressures of homologous series, the variation in the effect of crystal structure on solid properties may substantially influence the outcome of the comparison. Usually, the effect of this variation is eliminated by comparing values of the liquid state. The ratio of solid to liquid properties is called the fugacity ratio. Fugacity ratios are usually calculated from fusion thermodynamic data. For 41 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), fusion enthalpy was found to be correlated with fusion entropy. Highly linear correlations were observed for non-ortho-PCBs, mono-ortho-PCBs, and diortho-PCBs. Fugacity ratios estimated from the fusion enthalpy-entropy linear regression parameters were equal, within 10% on average, to fugacity ratios calculated from fusion enthalpy for ortho chlorinated PCBs with melting points below 380 K and for non-ortho-PCBs. For ortho chlorinated PCBs with melting points above 380 K, fugacity ratios were better estimated from a nonlinear regression of fugacity ratios against the melting point and the system temperature. For all 209 PCB congeners, fugacity ratios at 298 K are listed on the basis of experimental fusion data or estimates from the regressions.
Topics: Algorithms; Entropy; Environmental Pollutants; Phase Transition; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Transition Temperature
PubMed: 17089710
DOI: 10.1897/06-083r.1 -
Basic Life Sciences 1988
Topics: Bacteria; Biodegradation, Environmental; Environmental Pollutants; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Engineering; Hazardous Substances; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 3140775
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0824-7_17 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Sep 1985
Topics: Air Pollutants; Aroclors; Electricity; Environmental Exposure; Humans; New Mexico; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 3929058
DOI: No ID Found -
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry May 2017The study goal was to develop a sediment polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dose-response model based on benthic invertebrate effects to PCBs. The authors used an...
The study goal was to develop a sediment polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dose-response model based on benthic invertebrate effects to PCBs. The authors used an equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach to generate predicted PCB sediment effect concentrations (largely Aroclor 1254) associated with a gradient of toxic effects in benthic organisms from effects observed in aquatic toxicity studies. The present study differs from all other EqP collective sediment investigations in that the authors examined a common dose-response gradient of effects for PCBs rather than a single, protective value. The authors reviewed the chronic aquatic toxicity literature to identify measured aqueous PCB concentrations and associated benthic invertebrate effects. The authors control-normalized the aquatic toxic effect data and expressed results from various studies as a common metric, percent injury. Then, they calculated organic carbon-normalized sediment PCB concentrations (mg/kg organic carbon) from the aqueous PCB toxicity data set using EqP theory based on the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPIWEB 4.1) derivation of the water-organic carbon partition coefficient (K ). Lastly, the authors constructed a nonlinear dose-response numerical model for these synoptic sediment PCB concentrations and biological effects: Y = 100/1 + 10 (EC50 = median effective concentration). These models were used to generate "look-up" tables reporting percent injury in benthic biota for a range of Aroclor-specific sediment concentrations. For example, the model using the EPIWEB K estimate predicts mean benthic injury of 23.3%, 46.0%, 70.6%, 87.1%, and 95% for hypothetical sediment concentrations of 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, and 16 mg/kg dry weight of Aroclor 1254, respectively (at 1% organic carbon). The authors recommend the model presented for screening but suggest, when possible, determining a site-specific K that, along with the tables and equations, allows users to create their own protective dose-response sediment concentration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1311-1329. © 2016 SETAC.
Topics: Animals; Biota; Geologic Sediments; Invertebrates; Models, Theoretical; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Toxicity Tests; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 27779321
DOI: 10.1002/etc.3662 -
Analytical Chemistry Nov 2012A new strategy to detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using an electrical nanogap device is presented. This strategy is based on specific inhibition of charge...
A new strategy to detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using an electrical nanogap device is presented. This strategy is based on specific inhibition of charge transport when PCBs are captured by the cavities of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) that are modified onto gold nanogapped electrodes' surfaces. The binding of PCBs to the cavities of β-CD leads to readily measurable conductivity decreases associated with the formation of guest-host complexes. PCB-29, PCB-77, PCB-101, PCB-153, and PCB-187 were chosen for the experiments. Six persistent organic pollutants, substituted benzenes with different sizes-1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene-were chosen to investigate the selectivity properties of the nanogap devices. A modified "thermionic emission" electron tunneling model is used to account for the mechanisms for "inhibition of charge transport". We believe that this specific inhibition of charge transport in a electrical nanogap device provides a promising approach to detect those pollutants having chemical inertness and insulating properties in the environment.
Topics: Electron Transport; Environmental Pollutants; Gold; Nanotechnology; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 23066951
DOI: 10.1021/ac302078d