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Journal of Biomaterials Science.... 2015Polylysine is an important class of polyamino acids with a broad spectrum of applications in biomedical research and development. It can be divided into two classes,... (Review)
Review
Polylysine is an important class of polyamino acids with a broad spectrum of applications in biomedical research and development. It can be divided into two classes, α-polylysine and ε-polylysine, the former is synthesized by artificial chemical synthesis and has limited applications due to its high toxicity, and the latter is produced by microbial synthesis as a class of natural polymers and is widely used in various food, medicinal, and electronics products. Another major class of synthetic polymers is dendrimers (after linear, cross-linked, and branched polymers). Dendrigraft poly-L-lysine (DGL) has the favorable properties of polylysine and dendrimers, with a broad spectrum of applications in drug discovery and development, including drug delivery, gene carriers, diagnostic imaging, diagnostics, biosensors, and special cancer therapies (such as boron neutron capture therapy and photodynamic therapy). As there are still some problems with the development of DGL, further research is warranted for its broad applications.
Topics: Animals; Dendrimers; Humans; Polylysine
PubMed: 26381379
DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1095023 -
International Journal of Biological... Dec 2022Food preservation using biopreservative agents mainly microbial based metabolites have gained more attention in the modern food sector due to their broad spectrum... (Review)
Review
Food preservation using biopreservative agents mainly microbial based metabolites have gained more attention in the modern food sector due to their broad spectrum anti-microbial efficacy with high biocompatibility. However, the effectiveness of these biopreservatives is highly dependent on suitable formulation which will enhance the desired efficacy without affecting the nutritional value of the foods. Polylysine-actinomycete derived anti-microbial metabolite is used as biopreservative agent in various food products. This review provides a valuable insight into the formulation of polylysine with nanotechnology principles for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy against food spoilage organisms. This review highlighted the diverse methods of polylysine nanoformulation preparation. Formulation of polylysine as functionalised nanomaterials can be prepared via green science or green technology principles was extensively studied in this review. This study also revealed the methods for the determination of anti-microbial assays and biocompatibility tests in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility tests. Future prospects of nanoformulated polylysine in bio preservation can be extended to safe processing of canned and ready-to-eat food products without affecting the nutritional value of the foods.
Topics: Polylysine; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Antimicrobial Peptides; Food Preservation; Nanotechnology
PubMed: 36206840
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.238 -
Journal of Proteome Research May 2018C-terminal polylysine (PL) can be synthesized from the polyadenine tail of prematurely cleaved mRNAs or when a read-though of a stop codon happens. Due to the highly...
C-terminal polylysine (PL) can be synthesized from the polyadenine tail of prematurely cleaved mRNAs or when a read-though of a stop codon happens. Due to the highly positive charge, PL stalls in the electrostatically negative ribosomal exit channel. The stalled polypeptide recruits the Ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) complex which processes and extracts the nascent chain. Dysfunction of the RQC leads to the accumulation of PL-tagged proteins, induction of a stress response, and cellular toxicity. Not much is known about the PL-specific aspect of protein quality control. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we uncovered the post-ribosomal PL-processing machinery in human cytosol. It encompasses key cytosolic complexes of the proteostasis network, such as chaperonin TCP-1 ring complexes (TRiC) and half-capped 19S-20S proteasomes. Furthermore, we found that the nuclear transport machinery associates with PL, which suggests a novel mechanism by which faulty proteins can be compartmentalized in the cell. The enhanced nuclear import of a PL-tagged polypeptide confirmed this implication, which leads to questions regarding the biological rationale behind it.
Topics: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; Chaperonin Containing TCP-1; Cytosol; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Polylysine; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Proteolysis; Proteostasis; Ribosomes; Static Electricity
PubMed: 29634277
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00108 -
International Journal of Biological... Apr 2022A gellan-polylysine (GPL) fiber was prepared by wet spinning molding with gellan solution containing glucose, soybean peptide, fish collagen peptide as spinning liquid,...
A gellan-polylysine (GPL) fiber was prepared by wet spinning molding with gellan solution containing glucose, soybean peptide, fish collagen peptide as spinning liquid, and ε-poly-l-lysine as fixative liquid. Results showed that the material addition order affects the spinning and an acceptable material addition order was as follows: soybean peptides →glucose → fish collagen peptides. The mechanical strength of the GPL fiber decreased with the collagen peptide titer and the fiber strength can reach 0.99 cN/dtex. In addition, the GPL fiber showed comparable water absorption capacity. The GPL fiber demonstrated good antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The GPL fiber also had no cytotoxicity on mouse embryo fibroblast L-929 cells and could effectively promote wound healing for rats. As a result, the bifunctional edible GPL fiber is potentially used as a military and rescue emergency equipment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Mice; Polylysine; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Rats; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35120940
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.187 -
International Journal of Biological... Nov 2022The effects of ε-polylysine (ε-PL) at different concentrations (0.005 %, 0.010 %, 0.020 %, and 0.030 %) on the structure and gelling behavior of pork myofibrillar...
The effects of ε-polylysine (ε-PL) at different concentrations (0.005 %, 0.010 %, 0.020 %, and 0.030 %) on the structure and gelling behavior of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) under oxidative stress were explored. The incorporation of ε-PL significantly restrained oxidation-induced sulfhydryl and solubility losses (up to 9.72 % and 41.9 %, respectively) as well as protein crosslinking and aggregation. Compared with the oxidized control, ε-PL at low concentrations (0.005 % - 0.020 %) promoted further unfolding and destabilization of MP, while 0.030 % ε-PL led to refolding of MP and enhanced its thermal stability. The ε-PL-induced physicochemical changes favored the formation of a finer and more homogeneous three-dimensional network structure, therefore obviously enhancing the strength and water-holding capacity (WHC) of thermally induced oxidized MP gels, with the ε-PL at 0.020 % showed the greatest enhancement. This work revealed for the first time that ε-PL can significantly ameliorate the oxidation stability and gel-forming ability of meat proteins.
Topics: Gels; Meat Proteins; Muscle Proteins; Myofibrils; Oxidative Stress; Polylysine; Water
PubMed: 36030980
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.143 -
International Journal of Biological... Dec 2023A feasible approach to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of ε-polylysine (PL) in applications is to form delivery complexes with delicate structures and good...
ε-Polylysine and soybean protein isolate form nanoscale to microscale electrostatic complexes in solution: properties, interactions and as antimicrobial edible coatings on citrus.
A feasible approach to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of ε-polylysine (PL) in applications is to form delivery complexes with delicate structures and good dispersion properties. This work aims to study the multiscale structures, properties and interactions, and edible coating applications of the electrostatic complex formed by PL and soy protein isolate (SPI). When the mass ratio of SPI to PL (SE) was between 5 and 15, especially 11, microscale solid-liquid phase separation occurred in the system due to the small absolute zeta potential. When the SE was in the range of 15-20, the system formed a stable nanoscale suspension, the average particle size and zeta potential were 191 nm and -20 mV, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the complexes were investigated including the colloidal properties, spectroscopy and interactions analysis, viscosity, contact angle, and antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Penicillium expansum. Finally, the in vivo application on citrus demonstrated that the nanoscale PL/SPI electrostatic complex (SE = 20) as functional coatings has both barrier and antimicrobial activities. The study provides a novel application strategy for PL and nanoscale electrostatic complexes as postharvest coatings.
Topics: Polylysine; Soybean Proteins; Edible Films; Static Electricity; Citrus; Anti-Infective Agents; Escherichia coli
PubMed: 37652339
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126616 -
Biosensors & Bioelectronics Jan 2018Triglycerides are clinically important marker for atherosclerosis, heart disease and hypertension. Here, a platform for detecting triglycerides in whole blood directly...
Triglycerides are clinically important marker for atherosclerosis, heart disease and hypertension. Here, a platform for detecting triglycerides in whole blood directly was developed based on hemocompatible ɛ-polylysine-heparin microparticles. The obtained products of ɛ-polylysine-heparin microparticles were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ζ-potential. Moreover, the blood compatibility of ɛ-polylysine-heparin microparticles was characterized by in vitro coagulation tests, hemolysis assay and whole blood adhesion tests. Considering of uniform particle size, good dispersibility and moderate long-term anticoagulation capability of the microparticles, a Lipase-(ɛ-polylysine-heparin)-glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was constructed to detect triglycerides. The proposed biosensor had good electrocatalytic activity towards triglycerides, in which case the sensitivity was 0.40μAmgdLcm and the detection limit was 4.67mgdL (S/N = 3). Meanwhile, the Lipase-(ɛ-polylysine-heparin)-GCE electrode had strong anti-interference ability as well as a long shelf-life. Moreover, for the detection of triglycerides in whole blood directly, the detection limit was as low as 5.18mgdL. The new constructed platform is suitable for detecting triglycerides in whole blood directly, which provides new analytical systems for clinical illness diagnosis.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Heparin; Humans; Limit of Detection; Lipase; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Polylysine; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Triglycerides
PubMed: 28826001
DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.030 -
Cold Spring Harbor Protocols Apr 2012Polylysine and its copolymers have been extensively used as nonviral polymeric gene carriers. Although polylysine on its own is toxic to cells, when polyethylene glycol...
Polylysine and its copolymers have been extensively used as nonviral polymeric gene carriers. Although polylysine on its own is toxic to cells, when polyethylene glycol is covalently linked to polylysine, toxicity is reduced and DNA transfection efficiency is increased. A degradable polylysine analog, polyaminobutyl glycolic acid, has been synthesized. Stearyl polylysine shows strong hydrophobic interactions with low-density lipoprotein and these components can be combined with DNA to form a "terplex" system that allows delivery of DNA to targeted cells and significant levels of transfection both in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; DNA; Gene Transfer Techniques; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Polyethylene Glycols; Polylysine
PubMed: 22474666
DOI: 10.1101/pdb.ip068619 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Oct 2023ε-Polylysine is a novel food preservative approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), yet the mechanism of its effect on animal-derived foods remains...
ε-Polylysine is a novel food preservative approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), yet the mechanism of its effect on animal-derived foods remains unclear. Assessment of the effect of preservatives on goat meat products is necessary. Herein, metabolite accumulation and protein expression of ε-polylysine (0.025%, w/w) spiked with goat meat were investigated by nontarget metabolomics and proteomics combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) in a simulated in vitro digestion model. The amino side chain of ε-polylysine increased the activity of due to its nucleophilic nature, inducing a significant upregulation of l-arginine (0.43-0.72 mg kg) and creatine (3.98-6.89 mg kg), with an improvement in muscle quality of goat meat. Downregulation of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase expression led to upregulation of l-phenylalanine (2.26-3.25 mg kg) and l-tyrosine (0.98-1.29 mg kg). Collectively, this study first revealed the biochemical mechanism of ε-polylysine in goat meat products, which makes available new prospects for more accurate use of ε-polylysine in animal-derived foods.
Topics: United States; Animals; Polylysine; Creatine; Up-Regulation; Arginine; Goats
PubMed: 37793042
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04033 -
Journal of Biomedical Materials... Nov 2016Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) fibers are a good candidate material for nerve cell scaffolds, which is applicable to the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Polylysine is...
Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) fibers are a good candidate material for nerve cell scaffolds, which is applicable to the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Polylysine is widely used as a coating material for cell substrates to promote nerve cell adhesion. In this study, linear and dendrigraft polylysines were used to coat PGA fibers. The association of large dendrigraft polylysines with PGA fibers was lower and unstable, compared with linear polylysine. However, more hippocampal neurons adhered to PGA fibers coated with large dendrigraft polylysine than linear polylysine. Enhanced cell adhesion was observed, even when the dendrigraft polylysine was coated on the PGA fibers at a low concentration (0.05 μg/mL) or when it was coated in water instead of alkaline buffer. Differences in cell adhesion properties were seen between the dendrigraft polylysine coating and a laminin coating. Thus, large dendrigraft polylysines are a useful coating material for nerve cell scaffolds. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2744-2750, 2016.
Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cell Culture Techniques; Cells, Cultured; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Hippocampus; Materials Testing; Neurons; Polyglycolic Acid; Polylysine; Rats; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 27324925
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35807