Did you mean: polyomavirus hominis
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The Journal of Infection Jan 2014Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous, species-specific viruses belonging to the family Papovaviridae. The two most commonly known human polyomaviruses, BK virus and JC virus... (Review)
Review
Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous, species-specific viruses belonging to the family Papovaviridae. The two most commonly known human polyomaviruses, BK virus and JC virus were first described in the 1970s. Newer human polyomaviruses, namely KI polyoma virus, WU polyoma virus and Merkel cell polyoma virus were identified in the last five years. Most humans encounter BK and JC virus during childhood, causing mild illness. However, when reactivated or acquired in the immunocompromised host, BK and JC virus have been implicated in a number of human clinical disease states. BK is most commonly associated with renal involvement, such as ureteral stenosis, hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy. Less commonly, it is associated with pneumonitis, retinitis, liver disease and meningoencephalitis. JC virus is most well known for its association with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and is possibly implicated in the development of various human neoplasms. The following chapter will outline the basic virology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of BK and JC virus and discuss relevant diagnostic and treatment options.
Topics: BK Virus; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; JC Virus; Polyomavirus Infections; Virus Activation
PubMed: 24119828
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.009 -
Annual Review of Virology Sep 2016Mammalian polyomaviruses are characterized by establishing persistent infections in healthy hosts and generally causing clinical disease only in hosts whose immune... (Review)
Review
Mammalian polyomaviruses are characterized by establishing persistent infections in healthy hosts and generally causing clinical disease only in hosts whose immune systems are compromised. Despite the fact that these viruses were discovered decades ago, our knowledge of the mechanisms that govern viral persistence and reactivation is limited. Whereas mouse polyomavirus has been studied in a fair amount of detail, our understanding of the human viruses in particular is mostly inferred from experiments aimed at addressing other questions. In this review, we summarize the state of our current knowledge, draw conclusions when possible, and suggest areas that are in need of further study.
Topics: Animals; BK Virus; DNA, Viral; Humans; JC Virus; Mice; Polyomavirus Infections; Simian virus 40; Tumor Virus Infections; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27501263
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042226 -
Journal of Neurovirology Oct 2023Since its definition 65 years ago, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has continued to devastate a growing population of immunosuppressed patients despite... (Review)
Review
Since its definition 65 years ago, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has continued to devastate a growing population of immunosuppressed patients despite major advances in our understanding of the causative JC virus (JCV). Unless contained by the immune system, JCV lyses host oligodendrocytes collateral to its life cycle, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and death. Novel treatments have stagnated in the absence of an animal model while current antiviral agents fail to address the now ubiquitous polyomavirus. In this review, we highlight the established pathogenesis by which JCV infection progresses to PML, highlighting major challenges that must be overcome to eliminate the underlying virus and, therefore, the debilitating disease.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; JC Virus; Polyomavirus Infections; Immunocompromised Host
PubMed: 37659983
DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01164-w -
Biological Chemistry Jul 2017JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is the causative agent of a fatal central nervous system demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML... (Review)
Review
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is the causative agent of a fatal central nervous system demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML occurs in people with underlying immunodeficiency or in individuals being treated with potent immunomodulatory therapies. JCPyV is a DNA tumor virus with a double-stranded DNA genome and encodes a well-studied oncogene, large T antigen. Its host range is highly restricted to humans and only a few cell types support lytic infection in vivo or in vitro. Its oncogenic potential in humans has not been firmly established and the international committee on oncogenic viruses lists JCPyV as possibly carcinogenic. Significant progress has been made in understanding the biology of JCPyV and here we present an overview of the field and discuss some important questions that remain unanswered.
Topics: Animals; Genomics; Humans; JC Virus; Polyomavirus Infections; Transcription, Genetic; Viral Proteins; Virus Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 28493815
DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0345 -
Viruses Nov 2022The organization and dynamics of plasma membrane receptors are a critical link in virus-receptor interactions, which finetune signaling efficiency and determine cellular...
The organization and dynamics of plasma membrane receptors are a critical link in virus-receptor interactions, which finetune signaling efficiency and determine cellular responses during infection. Characterizing the mechanisms responsible for the active rearrangement and clustering of receptors may aid in developing novel strategies for the therapeutic treatment of viruses. Virus-receptor interactions are poorly understood at the nanoscale, yet they present an attractive target for the design of drugs and for the illumination of viral infection and pathogenesis. This study utilizes super-resolution microscopy and related techniques, which surpass traditional microscopy resolution limitations, to provide both a spatial and temporal assessment of the interactions of human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) with 5-hydroxytrypamine 2 receptors (5-HTRs) subtypes during viral entry. JCPyV causes asymptomatic kidney infection in the majority of the population and can cause fatal brain disease, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), in immunocompromised individuals. Using Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy (FPALM), the colocalization of JCPyV with 5-HT receptor subtypes (5-HT, 5-HT, and 5-HT) during viral attachment and viral entry was analyzed. JCPyV was found to significantly enhance the clustering of 5-HT receptors during entry. Cluster analysis of infected cells reveals changes in 5-HT receptor cluster attributes, and radial distribution function (RDF) analyses suggest a significant increase in the aggregation of JCPyV particles colocalized with 5-HT receptor clusters in JCPyV-infected samples. These findings provide novel insights into receptor patterning during viral entry and highlight improved technologies for the future development of therapies for JCPyV infection as well as therapies for diseases involving 5-HT receptors.
Topics: Humans; JC Virus; Serotonin; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Polyomavirus Infections; Virus Attachment
PubMed: 36560603
DOI: 10.3390/v14122597 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2014
Review
Topics: Brain; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Neuroimaging
PubMed: 25015495
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00017-1 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology May 2018Gastrointestinal cancers are a global public health problem, which represent a vast majority of all cancer-caused deaths in both men and women. On the other hand, viral... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal cancers are a global public health problem, which represent a vast majority of all cancer-caused deaths in both men and women. On the other hand, viral pathogens have been long implicated as etiological factors in the onset of certain human cancers, including gastrointestinal tumors. In this regard, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and John Cunningham Virus (JCV) have been more strongly suggested to be involved in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis; so that, the association of HPV with oropharyngeal and anal cancers and also the association of EBV with gastric cancer have been etiologically confirmed by epidemiological and experimental investigations. Although, the association of other viruses is less evident, but may rely on co-factors for their oncogenic roles. Therefore, to improve the prevention and treatment of these classes of cancer, their association with viral agents as potential risk factors should be investigated with care. In this respect, the present review has focused on the existing literature on the subject of viral involvement in gastrointestinal tumorgenesis, by covering and discussing various gastrointestinal cancers, corresponding viral agents and their oncogenic aspects and then summarizing evidences either supporting or rejecting a causal role of these pathogens in gastrointestinal malignancies.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; JC Virus; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 28926109
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26194 -
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Apr 2018
Topics: Female; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Multiple Sclerosis; Natalizumab; Pregnancy
PubMed: 29724377
DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.03.016 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease caused by infection with JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV). Despite the identification of the... (Review)
Review
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease caused by infection with JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV). Despite the identification of the disease and isolation of the causative pathogen over fifty years ago, no antiviral treatments or prophylactic vaccines exist. Disease onset is usually associated with immunosuppression, and current treatment guidelines are limited to restoring immune function. This review summarizes the drugs and small molecules that have been shown to inhibit JCPyV infection and spread. Paying attention to historical developments in the field, we discuss key steps of the virus lifecycle and antivirals known to inhibit each event. We review current obstacles in PML drug discovery, including the difficulties associated with compound penetrance into the central nervous system. We also summarize recent findings in our laboratory regarding the potent anti-JCPyV activity of a novel compound that antagonizes the virus-induced signaling events necessary to establish a productive infection. Understanding the current panel of antiviral compounds will help center the field for future drug discovery efforts.
Topics: Humans; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; JC Virus; Polyomavirus Infections; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 37239927
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108580 -
Viruses May 2022JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a small non-enveloped virus that establishes lifelong, persistent infection in most of the adult population. Immune-competent patients are... (Review)
Review
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a small non-enveloped virus that establishes lifelong, persistent infection in most of the adult population. Immune-competent patients are generally asymptomatic, but immune-compromised and immune-suppressed patients are at risk for the neurodegenerative disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Studies with purified JCPyV found it undergoes receptor-dependent infectious entry requiring both lactoseries tetrasaccharide C (LSTc) attachment and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 entry receptors. Subsequent work discovered the major targets of JCPyV infection in the central nervous system (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) do not express the required attachment receptor at detectable levels, virus could not bind these cells in tissue sections, and viral quasi-species harboring recurrent mutations in the binding pocket for attachment. While several research groups found evidence JCPyV can use novel receptors for infection, it was also discovered that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate receptor independent JCPyV infection. Recent work also found JCPyV associated EVs include both exosomes and secretory autophagosomes. EVs effectively present a means of immune evasion and increased tissue tropism that complicates viral studies and anti-viral therapeutics. This review focuses on JCPyV infection mechanisms and EV associated and outlines key areas of study necessary to understand the interplay between virus and extracellular vesicles.
Topics: Astrocytes; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Polyomavirus Infections
PubMed: 35746603
DOI: 10.3390/v14061130