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Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Jan 2021JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system affecting immunocompromised...
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system affecting immunocompromised patients. The study of PML-type JCPyV in vitro has been limited owing to the inefficient propagation of the virus in cultured cells. In this study, we carried out long-term culture of COS-7 cells (designated as COS-IMRb cells) transfected with PML-type M1-IMRb, an adapted viral DNA with a rearranged non-coding control region (NCCR). The JCPyV derived from COS-IMRb cells were characterized by analyzing the viral replication, amount of virus by hemagglutination (HA), production of viral protein 1 (VP1), and structure of the NCCR. HA assays indicated the presence of high amounts of PML-type JCPyV in COS-IMRb cells. Immunostaining showed only a small population of JCPyV carrying COS-IMRb cells to be VP1-positive. Sequencing analysis of the NCCR of JCPyV after long-term culture revealed that the NCCR of M1-IMRb was conserved in COS-IMRb cells without any point mutation. The JCPyV genomic DNA derived from a clone of COS-IMRb-3 cells was detected, via Southern blotting, as a single band of approximately 5.1 kbp without deletion. These findings suggest the potential of using COS-IMRb-3 cells as a useful tool for screening anti-JCPyV drugs.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Southern; COS Cells; Chlorocebus aethiops; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Hemagglutination; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Transfection; Viral Proteins; Virus Cultivation; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32741932
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.325 -
Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... Nov 2017Few studies directly compare urinary cytology with molecular methods for detecting BK and JC polyomaviruses. Reactivation of BKV infection is the main risk factor for...
Few studies directly compare urinary cytology with molecular methods for detecting BK and JC polyomaviruses. Reactivation of BKV infection is the main risk factor for the development of nephropathy in immunocompromised individuals. The limitation of the cytological method can be attributed to the stage where the infected cell does not have specific and sufficient morphological characteristics for a conclusive diagnosis and can be easily interpreted as degenerative alteration. Moreover, morphologically, it is not possible to differentiate the two types of viruses. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), not only is a sensitive method, but also allows differentiation of viral types without quantification, and therefore is not indicative of nephropathy. According to the American Society of Nephrology, real-time PCR would be the gold standard to indicate nephropathy because it allows quantifying the number of viral copies.
Topics: BK Virus; DNA, Viral; Humans; JC Virus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections
PubMed: 29451655
DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.63.11.943 -
Oncogene Sep 2003The possible role of eucaryotic viruses in the development of cancer has been the subject of intense investigation during the past 50 years. Thus far, a strong link... (Review)
Review
The possible role of eucaryotic viruses in the development of cancer has been the subject of intense investigation during the past 50 years. Thus far, a strong link between some RNA and DNA viruses and various cancers in humans has been established and the transforming activity of several of the viruses in cell culture and their oncogenecity in experimental animals has been well documented. Perhaps, one of the most common themes among the oncogenic viruses rests in the ability of one or more of the viral proteins to deregulate pathways involved in the control of cell proliferation. For example, inactivation of tumor suppressors through their association with viral transforming proteins, and/or impairment of signal transduction pathways upon viral infection and expression of viral proteins are among the key biological events that can either trigger and/or contribute to the process of cancer. In recent years, more attention has been paid to human polyomaviruses, particularly JC virus (JCV), which infects greater than 80% of the human population, due to the ability of this virus to induce a fatal demyelinating disease in the brain, its presence in various tumors of central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS origin, and the oncogenic potential of this virus in several laboratory animal models. Here, we will focus our attention on JCV and describe several pathways employed by the virus to contribute to and/or accelerate cancer development.
Topics: Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Humans; JC Virus; Neoplasms; Polyomavirus Infections; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 14528276
DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206959 -
Annals of Neurology Oct 2019
Topics: Genetic Testing; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.); United States
PubMed: 31330056
DOI: 10.1002/ana.25553 -
Journal of Neurovirology 2003JC virus is etiologically associated with a fatal demyelinating disease known as PML. JCV produces persistent infections in the kidney and is excreted in the urine of... (Review)
Review
JC virus is etiologically associated with a fatal demyelinating disease known as PML. JCV produces persistent infections in the kidney and is excreted in the urine of healthy individuals and in the urine of PML patients. The characteristics of the JCV excreted in the environment have been studied by analyzing sewage samples from divergent geographical areas. The intergenic region of JCV strains detected in the sewage of Barcelona (Spain), Umeå (Sweden), Nancy (France), Pretoria (South Africa), Patras (Greece), Cairo (Egypt), Washington, D.C. (USA), and diverse areas of Northern India has been sequenced, and the phylogenetic analysis showed their relationships with JCV strains previously described in urine or clinical samples in these geographic areas. The JCV regulatory region of the JCV DNA detected in sewage presented archetypal or archetypal-like regulatory regions with the exception of one of the twenty clones obtained from a sewage sample of the area of Washington, D.C. that presented a tandem repeated structure. Infectivity studies showed that archetypal JCV present in the urine of a pregnant woman productively infected SVG cells. Also JC viral particles showed considerable stability in sewage at 20 degrees C and in front of treatments with acidic pH and trypsin. The high prevalence of JCV in urine and in sewage and the stability of the viral particles observed suggests that contaminated water, food, and fomites could be the vehicles of JCV transmission through the oral route. Virions partially degraded or noninfectious could be a source of JCV DNA and may represent an additional mechanism of entry of viral genes into cells.
Topics: Environment; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Phylogeny; Sewage
PubMed: 12709873
DOI: 10.1080/13550280390195306 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2020Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. The study of DNA tumor-inducing viruses and their oncoproteins as a causative agent in cancer initiation and... (Review)
Review
Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. The study of DNA tumor-inducing viruses and their oncoproteins as a causative agent in cancer initiation and tumor progression has greatly enhanced our understanding of cancer cell biology. The initiation of oncogenesis is a complex process. Specific gene mutations cause functional changes in the cell that ultimately result in the inability to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation effectively. The human neurotropic Polyomavirus JC (JCV) belongs to the family and it is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in an immunosuppressed state. Sero-epidemiological studies have indicated JCV infection is prevalent in the population (85%) and that initial infection usually occurs during childhood. The JC virus has small circular, double-stranded DNA that includes coding sequences for viral early and late proteins. Persistence of the virus in the brain and other tissues, as well as its potential to transform cells, has made it a subject of study for its role in brain tumor development. Earlier observation of malignant astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in PML, as well as glioblastoma formation in non-human primates inoculated with JCV, led to the hypothesis that JCV plays a role in central nervous system (CNS) tumorigenesis. Some studies have reported the presence of both JC viral DNA and its proteins in several primary brain tumor specimens. The discovery of new Polyomaviruses such as the Merkel cell Polyomavirus, which is associated with Merkel cell carcinomas in humans, ignited our interest in the role of the JC virus in CNS tumors. The current evidence known about JCV and its effects, which are sufficient to produce tumors in animal models, suggest it can be a causative factor in central nervous system tumorigenesis. However, there is no clear association between JCV presence in CNS and its ability to initiate CNS cancer and tumor formation in humans. In this review, we will discuss the correlation between JCV and tumorigenesis of CNS in animal models, and we will give an overview of the current evidence for the JC virus's role in brain tumor formation.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Neoplasms; Disease Progression; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Mutation; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32872288
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176236 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jan 2017As the "human microbiome era" continues, there is an increasing awareness of our resident microbiota and its indispensable role in our fitness as holobionts. However,... (Review)
Review
As the "human microbiome era" continues, there is an increasing awareness of our resident microbiota and its indispensable role in our fitness as holobionts. However, the host-microbe relationship is not so clearly defined for some human symbionts. Here we discuss examples of "accidental pathogens," meaning previously nonpathogenic and/or environmental microbes thought to have inadvertently experienced an evolutionary shift toward pathogenicity. For instance, symbionts such as Helicobacter pylori and JC polyomavirus have been shown to have accompanied humans since prehistoric times and are still abundant in extant populations as part of the microbiome. And yet, the relationship between a subgroup of these microbes and their human hosts seems to have changed with time, and they have recently gained notoriety as gastrointestinal and neuropathogens, respectively. On the other hand, environmental microbes such as Legionella spp. have recently experienced a shift in host range and are now a major problem in industrialized countries as a result of artificial ecosystems. Other variables involved in this accidental phenomenon could be the apparent change or reduction in the diversity of human-associated microbiota because of modern medicine and lifestyles. All of this could result in an increased prevalence of accidental pathogens in the form of emerging pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Helicobacter pylori; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; JC Virus; Legionella
PubMed: 28155809
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.EMF-0009-2016 -
Annals of Neurology Feb 2011
Topics: Antibodies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; JC Virus
PubMed: 21387394
DOI: 10.1002/ana.22364 -
Journal of the College of Physicians... Jun 2019John Cunningham virus (JCV), a member of polyomaviridae family, has been described as a cause of the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). It is a...
John Cunningham virus (JCV), a member of polyomaviridae family, has been described as a cause of the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). It is a potentially fatal, disabling demyelinating infection of the brain occurring mostly in the setting of immunosuppression. A few cases of JCV-associated meningitis and encephalitis have been described in literature. We report a case presenting with laboured breathing and reduced conscious level, who after thorough investigations was diagnosed to be a case of PML.
Topics: Adult; Brain; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Fatal Outcome; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 31142409
DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.06.S18 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Feb 1988
Topics: Adult; Brain; Humans; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Male; Polyomavirus
PubMed: 2827030
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198802043180510