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Diseases of the Colon and Rectum Jun 1993The authors present the case of a patient who developed near total colonic necrosis shortly after renal transplantation. The onset of symptoms was temporally related to... (Review)
Review
The authors present the case of a patient who developed near total colonic necrosis shortly after renal transplantation. The onset of symptoms was temporally related to the administration of sodium polystyrene (Kayexalate; Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY)-sorbitol enemas for treatment of hyperkalemia. Three similar cases have been reported in the literature. The presence of uremia and the use of sorbitol appear to be common denominators in the pathophysiology of this complication. It is suggested that Kayexalate-sorbitol enemas be avoided in renal transplant patients.
Topics: Colon; Enema; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Polystyrenes; Postoperative Complications
PubMed: 8500380
DOI: 10.1007/BF02049870 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Jan 2007Ultrasonically initiated miniemulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was successfully employed to prepare polystyrene (PS)/Fe3O4...
Ultrasonically initiated miniemulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was successfully employed to prepare polystyrene (PS)/Fe3O4 magnetic emulsion and nanocomposite. The effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on miniemulsion polymerization process, the structure, morphology and properties of PS/Fe3O4 nanocomposite were investigated. The increase in the amount of Fe3O4 nanoparticles drastically increases the polymerization rate due to that Fe3O4 nanoparticles increase the number of radicals and the cavitation bubbles. Polymerization kinetics of ultrasonically initiated miniemulsion polymerization is similar to that of conventional miniemulsion polymerization. PS/Fe3O4 magnetic emulsion consists of two types of particles: latex particles with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and latex particles with no encapsulated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Fe3O4 nanoparticles lower the molecular weight of PS and broaden the molecular weight and particle size distribution. Thermal stability of PS/Fe3O4 nanocomposite increases with the increase in Fe3O4 content. PS/Fe3O4 emulsion and nanocomposite exhibit magnetic properties. PS/Fe3O4 magnetic particles can be separated from the magnetic emulsion by an external magnetic field and redispersed into the emulsion with agitation.
Topics: Crystallization; Emulsions; Ferric Compounds; Magnetics; Materials Testing; Molecular Weight; Nanostructures; Particle Size; Polymers; Polystyrenes; Sonication; Temperature
PubMed: 16647288
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.03.001 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... 2014Materials based on polystyrene and starch copolymers are used in food packaging, water pollution treatment, and textile industry, and their biodegradability is a desired...
Materials based on polystyrene and starch copolymers are used in food packaging, water pollution treatment, and textile industry, and their biodegradability is a desired characteristic. In order to examine the degradation patterns of modified, biodegradable derivates of polystyrene, which may keep its excellent technical features but be more environmentally friendly at the same time, polystyrene-graft-starch biomaterials obtained by emulsion polymerization in the presence of new type of initiator/activator pair (potassium persulfate/different amines) were subjected to 6-month biodegradation by burial method in three different types of commercially available soils: soil rich in humus and soil for cactus and orchid growing. Biodegradation was monitored by mass decrease, and the highest degradation rate was achieved in soil for cactus growing (81.30%). Statistical analysis proved that microorganisms in different soil samples have different ability of biodegradation, and there is a significant negative correlation between the share of polystyrene in copolymer and degree of biodegradation. Grafting of polystyrene on starch on one hand prevents complete degradation of starch that is present (with maximal percentage of degraded starch ranging from 55 to 93%), while on the other hand there is an upper limit of share of polystyrene in the copolymer (ranging from 37 to 77%) that is preventing biodegradation of degradable part of copolymers.
Topics: Bacteria; Biodegradation, Environmental; Environmental Pollution; Polystyrenes; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Starch
PubMed: 24792982
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2946-0 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Jul 2023This study investigated the chemicals extracted from an EPS buoy used in aquaculture, which were subsequently collected from a recycling center. It was observed that the...
This study investigated the chemicals extracted from an EPS buoy used in aquaculture, which were subsequently collected from a recycling center. It was observed that the chemicals generated upon photodegradation make disposed buoys more toxic. Analysis of the extracted chemicals revealed the presence of 37 compounds, with four compounds quantitatively determined. Further analysis showed that the quantity of compounds dissolved in seawater was significantly higher than the amount remaining on the buoy surface. Based on the assumption that the buoy was exposed to sunlight for a year, it was estimated that 14.44 mg of the four compounds dissolved into the ocean. Given that South Korea used over 7 million EPS buoys, photodegraded EPS buoys are expected to represent a significant source of potentially hazardous chemicals.
Topics: Polystyrenes; Photolysis; Seawater; Aquaculture; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 37156125
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114998 -
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Jan 2024Nanoplastics (NPs) are widely found and threaten environmental and biological safety, because they do not degrade completely. We aimed to preliminarily explore the...
Nanoplastics (NPs) are widely found and threaten environmental and biological safety, because they do not degrade completely. We aimed to preliminarily explore the toxicity of NPs in obese children, because childhood obesity is a growing global health concern. We used zebrafish as a vertebrate toxicological model to examine the hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in juvenile zebrafish exposed to 1000 μg/L polystyrene NPs and a high-fat diet (HFD) using Raman spectroscopy, pathological examination, transcriptome analysis, and 16S sequencing techniques. Our study showed that polystyrene NPs perturb the lipid metabolism and gut microbiota stability in zebrafish. Furthermore, the combined effects of polystyrene NPs and HFD resulted in gastrointestinal injury. Our study is one of the first to investigate the toxicity of polystyrene NPs to normal-diet and HFD juvenile zebrafish using confocal Raman spectroscopy. Our results show the importance of a healthy diet and a reduction in the use of plasticware. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:147-158. © 2023 SETAC.
Topics: Child; Animals; Humans; Diet, High-Fat; Zebrafish; Polystyrenes; Microplastics; Pediatric Obesity; Liver; Intestines
PubMed: 37850736
DOI: 10.1002/etc.5767 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Jan 2005
Topics: Fatal Outcome; Female; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Middle Aged; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Polystyrenes
PubMed: 15628898
DOI: 10.5858/2005-129-125-KSPSA -
The Science of the Total Environment Jan 2023The acute toxic effects of pristine and aged polystyrene (P-PS and A-PS) and their leaching solutions (L-PS) on microalgae Skeletonema costatum were investigated by...
The acute toxic effects of pristine and aged polystyrene (P-PS and A-PS) and their leaching solutions (L-PS) on microalgae Skeletonema costatum were investigated by measuring algal density and growth inhibition rate (IR), chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) over 96 h. Total protein (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured to analyze the oxidative damage to microalgae by microplastics and their leachates. Hydrodynamic diameter of microplastics in seawater, FITR and SEM images were used to study the changes of polystyrene during aging. The interaction of algae cell with microplastics and the cellular ultrastructure changes of cells were analyzed combined with electron microscopy for a comprehensive and systematic understanding on the mechanisms of microplastic toxicity to microalgae. Both high concentration and small size of PS had significant inhibitory effect on the growth of microalgae, and the inhibitory effect was greater with increasing exposure time. The inhibition effect of aged microplastics was more obvious, which was speculated to be caused by the synergistic effect of aged PS itself and leaching solution. The negative effect of leaching solution on microalgae was due to the release of some additives during the aging process. The content of MDA reached the highest value of 54.41 nmol/mgprot in 1.0 μm 50 mg/L A-PS treatment group, and A-PS were found to be more prone to heterogeneous aggregation with algae cells by SEM.
Topics: Microalgae; Polystyrenes; Microplastics; Plastics; Diatoms; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36283517
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159614 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Nov 2019The release of nanoplastics (NP) from the weathering of microplastics is a major concern for the environment. Methods for the detection of NP in biological tissues are...
The release of nanoplastics (NP) from the weathering of microplastics is a major concern for the environment. Methods for the detection of NP in biological tissues are urgently needed because of their ability to penetrate not only in tissues but also in cells. A simple fluorescence-based methodology for the detection of polystyrene NP in biological tissues is proposed using the solvatochromic properties of Nile red. Although NPs alone increased somewhat Nile red fluorescence, a characteristic hypsochromic shift in the emission spectra was found when the dye and NP were incubated with subcellular tissue fraction. To explain this, the probe and NPs (50 and 100 nm) were prepared in the presence of increasing concentrations of two detergents (Tween-20, Triton X-100) as a proxy to phospholipids. The data revealed that both detergents readily increased fluorescence values when added to the NP and Nile red. The addition of NPs in tissue extracts blue-shifted further the emission spectra to 623 nm from the normal Nile red-lipid peak at 660 nm. The fluorescence intensity was proportional to the NP concentration. A methodology is thus proposed for the detection of NPs in laboratory-exposed organisms based on the solvatochromic properties of Nile red. The methodology was used to detect the presence of NP and changes in polar lipid contents in Hydra attenuata exposed to polystyrene NP.
Topics: Animals; Detergents; Environmental Monitoring; Hydra; Lipids; Nanostructures; Octoxynol; Oxazines; Plastics; Polysorbates; Polystyrenes
PubMed: 31578681
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06501-3 -
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Jun 2023Peptide sequence periodicity is a simple design tool that can be used to generate functional peptide-based surface coatings. De novo-designed peptide N-PEG-VK16 is...
Peptide sequence periodicity is a simple design tool that can be used to generate functional peptide-based surface coatings. De novo-designed peptide N-PEG-VK16 is characterized by a hydrophobic periodicity of two that avidly binds to native polystyrene priming its surface for subsequent targeted functionalization via chemical ligation. The peptidic portion of N-PEG-VK16 is responsible for surface binding, converting polystyrene's hydrophobic surface into a wettable and electrostatically charged environment that facilitates cell attachment. Native polystyrene surfaces are coated by simple peptide adsorption from an aqueous buffered solution, and the resulting primed surface is easily functionalized by cycloaddition chemistry. Herein, we show that ligating a vitronectin-derived peptide to primed polystyrene surfaces enables adhesion, expansion, long-term culture, and phenotype maintenance of human induced pluripotent stem cells. To demonstrate scope, we also show that additional functional ligands can be used, for example, nerve growth factor protein, to control neurite outgrowth.
Topics: Humans; Polystyrenes; Cell Adhesion; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Peptides; Vitronectin; Surface Properties
PubMed: 37276244
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02606 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jul 2023The presence of plastic waste in our environment has continued growing and become an important environmental concern. Because of its degradation into micro- and...
The presence of plastic waste in our environment has continued growing and become an important environmental concern. Because of its degradation into micro- and nanoplastics (MNPLs), MNPLs are becoming environmental pollutants of special environmental/health concern. Since ingestion is one of the main exposure routes to MNPLs, the potential effects of digestion on the physicochemical/biological characteristics of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPLs) were determined. The results indicated a high tendency of digested PSNPLs to agglomerate and a differential presence of proteins on their surface. Interestingly, digested PSNPLs showed greater cell uptake than undigested PSNPLs in all three tested cell lines (TK6, Raji-B, and THP-1). Despite these differences in cell uptake, no differences in toxicity were observed except for high and assumed unrealistic exposures. When oxidative stress and genotoxicity induction were determined, the low effects observed after exposure to undigested PDNPLs were not observed in the digested ones. This indicated that the greater ability of digested PSNPLs to internalize was not accompanied by a greater hazard. This type of analysis should be performed with other MNPLs of varying sizes and chemical compositions.
Topics: Polystyrenes; Microplastics; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Plastics; Digestion
PubMed: 37075918
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121656