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BMC Infectious Diseases Jul 2023Hepatitis B virus (HBV) epidemiology in Europe differs by region and population risk group, and data are often incomplete. We estimated chronic HBV prevalence as...
BACKGROUND
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) epidemiology in Europe differs by region and population risk group, and data are often incomplete. We estimated chronic HBV prevalence as measured by surface antigen (HBsAg) among general and key population groups for each country in the European Union, European Economic Area and the United Kingdom (EU/EEA/UK), including where data are currently unavailable.
METHODS
We combined data from a 2018 systematic review (updated in 2021), data gathered directly by the European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC) from EU/EEA countries and the UK and further country-level data. We included data on adults from the general population, pregnant women, first time blood donors (FTBD), men who have sex with men (MSM), prisoners, people who inject drugs (PWID), and migrants from 2001 to 2021, with three exceptions made for pre-2001 estimates. Finite Mixture Models (FMM) and Beta regression were used to predict country and population group HBsAg prevalence. A separate multiplier method was used to estimate HBsAg prevalence among the migrant populations within each country, due to biases in the data available.
RESULTS
There were 595 included studies from 31 countries (N = 41,955,969 people): 66 were among the general population (mean prevalence ([Formula: see text]) 1.3% [range: 0.0-7.6%]), 52 among pregnant women ([Formula: see text]1.1% [0.1-5.3%]), 315 among FTBD ([Formula: see text]0.3% [0.0-6.2%]), 20 among MSM ([Formula: see text]1.7% [0.0-11.2%]), 34 among PWID ([Formula: see text]3.9% [0.0-16.9%]), 24 among prisoners ([Formula: see text]2.9% [0.0-10.7%]), and 84 among migrants ([Formula: see text]7.0% [0.2-37.3%]). The FMM grouped countries into 3 classes. We estimated HBsAg prevalence among the general population to be < 1% in 24/31 countries, although it was higher in 7 Eastern/Southern European countries. HBsAg prevalence among each population group was higher in most Eastern/Southern European than Western/Northern European countries, whilst prevalence among PWID and prisoners was estimated at > 1% for most countries. Portugal had the highest estimated prevalence of HBsAg among migrants (5.0%), with the other highest prevalences mostly seen in Southern Europe.
CONCLUSIONS
We estimated HBV prevalence for each population group within each EU/EAA country and the UK, with general population HBV prevalence to be < 1% in most countries. Further evidence is required on the HBsAg prevalence of high-risk populations for future evidence synthesis.
Topics: Pregnancy; Adult; Male; Humans; Female; European Union; Hepatitis B virus; Population Groups; Homosexuality, Male; Prevalence; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Sexual and Gender Minorities; United Kingdom; Europe
PubMed: 37430220
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08433-3 -
American Journal of Physical... Aug 2009The mandibular angle is measured in physical anthropological assessments of human remains to possibly assist with the determination of sex and population affinity. The... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The mandibular angle is measured in physical anthropological assessments of human remains to possibly assist with the determination of sex and population affinity. The purpose of this investigation was to establish how the mandibular angle changes with age and loss of teeth among the sexes in South African population groups. The angles of 653 dried adult mandibles from the Pretoria Bone Collection were measured with a mandibulometer. Males and females of both South African whites and blacks were included. To compensate for imbalances in numbers among subgroups, type IV ANOVA testing was applied. No association was found between age and angle within either of the populations, within sexes, or within dentition groups. The angle was the most obtuse in individuals without molars and with an uneven distribution of molars, and most acute in the group with an even distribution of molars on both sides. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) were found in the angle between the two population groups and sexes in the overall sample as well as in the subgroup with absent molar teeth (P = 0.003 for sex, males more acute angle, and P = 0.001 for population group, blacks more acute angle), although a very large overlap existed. No significant differences could be demonstrated between the sexes or populations within the subgroups with molars. We concluded that the loss of molars, especially if complete or uneven, has a considerable effect on the mandibular angle. In the assessment of human remains, the mandibular angle is not very usable in determining sex.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Anthropology, Physical; Anthropometry; Black People; Dentition; Female; Humans; Male; Mandible; Middle Aged; Sex Determination by Skeleton; Sex Factors; South Africa; White People
PubMed: 19235793
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21009 -
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents... 2015Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse association between circulating levels of vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers, including an...
BACKGROUND
Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse association between circulating levels of vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers, including an atherogenic lipid profile.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the prevalence and the distribution of lipid levels among vitamin D supplemented Argentinean indigenous San Antonio de los Cobres (SAC) children with a nonsupplemented Buenos Aires (BA) mixed population group.
METHODS
A group of indigenous children from SAC with hypovitaminosis D supplemented with vitamin D; and a nonsupplemented group from a BA mixed population were compared via a cross sectional study. Anthropometric measures, glucose, lipids, vitamin D, and insulin were measured.
RESULTS
The mean ages were 10.3 + 2.3 in SAC and 8.7 ± 1.8 years in BA children. There was a lower prevalence of overweight 7.9%(15/192) vs 17.8% (23/129); and of obesity 1.6% (3/192) vs 30.2% (39/129) in SAC vs. BA respectively. Approximately half of the SAC children versus 30% from BA had optimal vitamin D levels (≥30ng/mL). There was a significantly higher prevalence of high triglycerides (TG) (27.6%vs 4.6%) and low HDL-C (21.3% vs 5.4%) in SAC vs BA children, respectively. In separate linear regression models, we found that despite effective vitamin D repletion, SAC children had higher TG and TG/HDL-C values, whereas HDL-C levels were lower than those of BA children adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and insulin levels.
CONCLUSION
Indigenous Argentinean children have a higher risk for dyslipidemia in comparison with BA children, even after vitamin D treatment, suggesting that dyslipidemia could be related to diet or ethnic backgrounds.
Topics: Argentina; Child; Dietary Supplements; Dyslipidemias; Humans; Population Groups; Regression Analysis; South America; Vitamin D
PubMed: 26652712
DOI: 10.2174/187152571302151217144156 -
Directions for new developments on statistical design and analysis of small population group trials.Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Jun 2016Most statistical design and analysis methods for clinical trials have been developed and evaluated where at least several hundreds of patients could be recruited. These...
BACKGROUND
Most statistical design and analysis methods for clinical trials have been developed and evaluated where at least several hundreds of patients could be recruited. These methods may not be suitable to evaluate therapies if the sample size is unavoidably small, which is usually termed by small populations. The specific sample size cut off, where the standard methods fail, needs to be investigated. In this paper, the authors present their view on new developments for design and analysis of clinical trials in small population groups, where conventional statistical methods may be inappropriate, e.g., because of lack of power or poor adherence to asymptotic approximations due to sample size restrictions.
METHOD
Following the EMA/CHMP guideline on clinical trials in small populations, we consider directions for new developments in the area of statistical methodology for design and analysis of small population clinical trials. We relate the findings to the research activities of three projects, Asterix, IDeAl, and InSPiRe, which have received funding since 2013 within the FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1 framework of the EU. As not all aspects of the wide research area of small population clinical trials can be addressed, we focus on areas where we feel advances are needed and feasible.
RESULTS
The general framework of the EMA/CHMP guideline on small population clinical trials stimulates a number of research areas. These serve as the basis for the three projects, Asterix, IDeAl, and InSPiRe, which use various approaches to develop new statistical methodology for design and analysis of small population clinical trials. Small population clinical trials refer to trials with a limited number of patients. Small populations may result form rare diseases or specific subtypes of more common diseases. New statistical methodology needs to be tailored to these specific situations.
CONCLUSION
The main results from the three projects will constitute a useful toolbox for improved design and analysis of small population clinical trials. They address various challenges presented by the EMA/CHMP guideline as well as recent discussions about extrapolation. There is a need for involvement of the patients' perspective in the planning and conduct of small population clinical trials for a successful therapy evaluation.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Humans; Population Groups; Rare Diseases
PubMed: 27301273
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0464-5 -
Neurourology and Urodynamics Jun 2021To determine the differences in pooled prevalence rates of symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP) across different US racial/ethnic groups using existing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIMS
To determine the differences in pooled prevalence rates of symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP) across different US racial/ethnic groups using existing screening-based epidemiologic studies.
METHODS
A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Scopus was conducted to retrieve eligible studies. We included studies that identified POP by either physical exam or questionnaire, conducted in non-gynecologic care-seeking settings, and had a representative sample of US community-dwelling women from more than one racial/ethnic group with prevalence rates reported for each population. Meta-analysis was performed with the pooled estimates calculated, and χ tests were performed to examine the associations between race and POP prevalence.
RESULTS
Of the 2604 studies reviewed, 5 were included. One study used physical exam findings while others used questionnaires to identify POP. All but one study demonstrated statistically significant differences in POP prevalence rates based on race/ethnicity. The overall pooled POP prevalence rates were determined for each racial/ethnic group-White women: 10.76% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.30%-11.22%); Hispanic women: 6.55% (95% CI, 5.83%-7.28%); Black women: 3.80% (95% CI, 3.22%-4.38%); and Asian American women: 3.40% (95% CI, 2.09%-4.71%). There was a significant difference in the pooled prevalence rates among these four racial/ethnic groups (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study found that White women had the highest pooled POP prevalence rate overall, while Hispanic women had the highest pooled prevalence among minority women. Additionally, American Indians and Pacific Islanders were absent from the current prolapse epidemiologic literature.
Topics: Black or African American; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Pelvic Organ Prolapse; Prevalence; White People
PubMed: 33834519
DOI: 10.1002/nau.24672 -
Human Molecular Genetics Feb 2010STATEMENT: In naming population groups, we think a chief aim is to use terms that the group members use themselves, or find familiar and comfortable. The terms used in...
STATEMENT: In naming population groups, we think a chief aim is to use terms that the group members use themselves, or find familiar and comfortable. The terms used in this manuscript to describe populations are as historically correct as possible and are chosen so as not to offend any population group. Two of the authors (DCP and REvdR) belong to the Coloured population, with one of the authors (REvdR) having contributed extensively to current literature on the history of the Coloured people of South Africa and served as Vice-President of the South African Institute of Race Relations. According to the 2001 South African census (http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/HTML/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf), "Statistics South Africa continues to classify people by population group, in order to monitor progress in moving away from the apartheid-based discrimination of the past. However, membership of a population group is now based on self-perception and self-classification, not on a legal definition. Five options were provided on the questionnaire, Black African, Coloured, Indian or Asian, White and Other. Responses in the category 'Other' were very few and were therefore imputed". We have elected to use the term Bushmen rather than San to refer to the hunter-gatherer people of Southern Africa. Although they have no collective name for themselves, this decision was based on the term Bushmen (or Bossiesman) being the more familiar to the communities themselves, while the term San is the more accepted academic classification. Understanding human genetic structure has fundamental implications for understanding the evolution and impact of human diseases. In this study, we describe the complex genetic substructure of a unique and recently admixed population arising approximately 350 years ago as a direct result of European settlement in South Africa. Analysis was performed using over 900 000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in 20 unrelated ancestry-informative marker selected Coloured individuals and made comparisons with historically predicted founder populations. We show that there is substantial genetic contribution from at least four distinct population groups: Europeans, South Asians, Indonesians and a population genetically close to the isiXhosa sub-Saharan Bantu. This is in good accord with the historical record. We briefly examine the implications of determining the genetic diversity of this population, not only for furthering understanding of human evolution out of Africa, but also for genome-wide association studies using admixture mapping. In conclusion, we define the genetic structure of a uniquely admixed population that holds great potential to advance genetic-based medical research.
Topics: Biomedical Research; Female; Genetic Variation; Genetics, Population; Humans; Male; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Racial Groups
PubMed: 19892779
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp505 -
Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality and... Oct 2020
Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Health Equity; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; White People
PubMed: 33023336
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.007357 -
American Journal of Public Health and... Apr 1957
Measuring the risk of coronary heart disease in adult population groups. The clinical status of a population group in Los Angeles under observation for two to three years.
Topics: Adult; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Disease; Heart Diseases; Humans; Los Angeles; Population Groups; Risk
PubMed: 13411329
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.47.4_pt_2.33 -
Gastronomica : the Journal of Food and... 2010Culinary consciousness raisers, cooking texts often serve as vehicles of national identification. From Pampille (Marthe Allard Daudet) and her cookbook, Les Bons Plats...
Culinary consciousness raisers, cooking texts often serve as vehicles of national identification. From Pampille (Marthe Allard Daudet) and her cookbook, Les Bons Plats de France, in 1913 to the international culinary competitions of today such as the Bocuse d'or, culinary distinction promotes national interests. In contrast to the strident nationalism of the early twentieth century, culinary nationalism today operates in an increasingly globalized world. National culinary distinction defines the nation and sells its products in a highly competitive international arena. A recent culinary text, the South Korean film Le Grand Chef [Sik Gaek ] (2007), illustrates the phenomenon, subsuming national culinary promotion in a mega culinary competition, all in the service of Korean culinary achievement.
Topics: Cookbooks as Topic; Cooking; Food Supply; History, 20th Century; Humans; Internationality; Population Groups; Social Behavior; Social Change; Social Identification
PubMed: 21539054
DOI: 10.1525/gfc.2010.10.1.102 -
The American Journal of Medicine Dec 2021
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cultural Diversity; Ethnicity; Genetic Testing; Genetic Variation; Humans; Patient Selection; Population Groups; Racial Groups; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 34352246
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.06.050