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PloS One 2018To describe the distribution and examine the associations of diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia across and within population groups, gender and body mass...
AIMS
To describe the distribution and examine the associations of diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia across and within population groups, gender and body mass index (BMI) categories.
METHODS
This national cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 among ≥18-year-old black African, coloured, white and Indian adults self-selected for screening. Data collection included self-reported behavioural risk factors and clinical measurements comprising blood pressure, anthropometry and point-of-care random blood glucose and cholesterol assessments.
RESULTS
Among the 7711 participants, 2488 men and 5223 women, the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension increased by BMI category across population groups. Compared with white men and women, black African men (odds ratio: 2.66, 95% confidence interval: 1.70-4.16) and women (2.10, 1.49-2.96), coloured men (2.28, 1.44-3.60) and women (2.15, 1.52-3.05) and Indian men (4.38, 2.65-7.26) and women (3.64, 2.50-5.32) were significantly more likely to have diabetes. The odds for hypertension were significantly higher only in coloured men compared with white men (1.37, 1.02-1.83), while it was significantly higher in black African, coloured and Indian women compared with white women. The odds for hypercholesterolaemia were significantly lower in black African men (0.64, 0.49-0.84) and women (0.52, 0.43-0.62) compared with white men and women, and significantly higher in Indian men (1.47, 1.05-2.08) compared with white men. Black African women compared with their male counterparts were less likely to have diabetes (0.64, 0.46-0.89). Black African (0.66, 0.54-.082), coloured (0.65, 0.50-0.84) and white (0.69, 0.53-0.88) women were significantly less likely to have hypertension compared with their male counterparts. The odds for hypercholesterolaemia were higher in coloured (1.44, 1.16-1.80) and white (1.47, 1.18-1.84) women compared with their counterparts.
CONCLUSIONS
The cardio-metabolic diseases of diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia were differentially associated with population groups and gender in South Africa. The insights obtained highlight the need for multi-disciplinary targeted management approaches in high-risk populations.
Topics: Adiposity; Adult; Asian People; Black People; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; South Africa; White People
PubMed: 30260983
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202899 -
Population Today Nov 1997
Topics: Americas; Culture; Demography; Developed Countries; Economics; Educational Status; Ethnicity; Family Characteristics; Hispanic or Latino; Income; Minority Groups; North America; Population; Population Characteristics; Population Dynamics; Population Growth; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Humans
PubMed: 12321256
DOI: No ID Found -
The Oncologist Jul 2016Numerous epidemiological factors affect the probability of developing breast or ovarian cancer, but no predictor is as determinant as inheriting a mutation in BRCA1 or... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Numerous epidemiological factors affect the probability of developing breast or ovarian cancer, but no predictor is as determinant as inheriting a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. The concept of the founder effect explains the reduced genetic variability in some populations, according to the theory that new populations can be formed from a reduced number of individuals, so the new population would carry only a small fraction of the genetic variability of the original population. The main purpose of this review is to provide an update on the state of the art in founder mutations and some recurrent mutations that have recently been described in Latin America.
METHODS
A literature search was performed in the electronic databases of PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS, and BIREME using the terms BRCA1, BRCA2, founder mutation, Latin American population, and Hispanic. Sixty-two papers were identified, of which 38 were considered relevant for this review. Each result is shown per country.
RESULTS
In Latin America, clear founder effects have been reported in Mexico (BRCA1 del exons 9-12), Brazil (BRCA1 5382insC and BRCA2 c.156_157insAlu), and Colombia (BRCA1 3450del4, A1708E, and BRCA2 3034del4) and in Latinas residing in Southern California (BRCA1 185delAG, IVS5+1G>A, S955x, and R1443x). Of these, mutation BRCA1 3450del4 has also been reported in Brazil and Chile, whereas mutation BRCA2 3034del4 has been reported in Argentina and Peru. These data support the idea that although most Hispanic populations are the result of a mixture between Europeans, Africans, and Amerindians, the relative proportion of each genetic component varies throughout the Hispanic populations, making it necessary to identify the mutations characteristic of each population to generate mutation profiles adjusted to each one of them.
CONCLUSION
In Latin American countries, and even among regions of the same country, there is great heterogeneity of ancestors. Therefore, Latinas should not be analyzed like other population groups without taking into account their genetic ancestry. The presence of founder mutations in specific population groups represents a cost-effective analysis. The importance of determining the founder mutations lies mainly in the decrease in costs. If we manage to decrease costs, screenings could be offered more widely and cover a larger number of women.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Hispanic and African-American populations are four to five times less likely than other populations worldwide to receive screening for BRCA mutations, a main reason being the high costs of these tools. The present study seeks to identify the prevalent mutations and the founder effect in the BRCA gene in the Hispanic population to address specific panels for this population group in the future and develop strategies for population screening.
Topics: Genes, BRCA1; Genes, BRCA2; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Latin America; Mutation
PubMed: 27286788
DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0416 -
Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) Jun 2010Population heterogeneity through admixing of different founder populations can produce spurious associations in genome-wide association studies that are linked to the...
MOTIVATION
Population heterogeneity through admixing of different founder populations can produce spurious associations in genome-wide association studies that are linked to the population structure rather than the phenotype. Since samples from the same population generally co-evolve, different populations may or may not share the same genetic underpinnings for the seemingly common phenotype. Our goal is to develop a unified framework for detecting causal genetic markers through a joint association analysis of multiple populations.
RESULTS
Based on a multi-task regression principle, we present a multi-population group lasso algorithm using L(1)/L(2)-regularized regression for joint association analysis of multiple populations that are stratified either via population survey or computational estimation. Our algorithm combines information from genetic markers across populations, to identify causal markers. It also implicitly accounts for correlations between the genetic markers, thus enabling better control over false positive rates. Joint analysis across populations enables the detection of weak associations common to all populations with greater power than in a separate analysis of each population. At the same time, the regression-based framework allows causal alleles that are unique to a subset of the populations to be correctly identified. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on HapMap-simulated and lactase persistence datasets, where we significantly outperform state of the art methods, with greater power for detecting weak associations and reduced spurious associations.
AVAILABILITY
Software will be available at http://www.sailing.cs.cmu.edu/.
Topics: Algorithms; Chromosome Mapping; Genetic Markers; Genome; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Phenotype; Population Groups; Regression Analysis
PubMed: 20529908
DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq191 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Mar 2022
Topics: Humans; Neurosciences; Population Groups; Prejudice
PubMed: 35007646
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104527 -
American Journal of Epidemiology Apr 2015After nearly a decade of genome-wide association studies, no assessment has yet been made of their contribution toward an explanation of the most prominent racial health... (Review)
Review
After nearly a decade of genome-wide association studies, no assessment has yet been made of their contribution toward an explanation of the most prominent racial health disparities observed at the population level. We examined populations of African and European ancestry and focused on cardiovascular diseases, which are collectively the largest contributor to the racial mortality gap. We conducted a systematic search for review articles and meta-analyses published in 2007-2013 in which genetic data from both populations were available. We identified 68 articles relevant to this question; however, few reported significant associations in both racial groups, with just 3 variants meeting study-specific significance criteria. For most outcomes, there were too few estimates for quantitative summarization, but when summarization was possible, racial group did not contribute to heterogeneity. Most associations reported from genome-wide searches were small, difficult to replicate, and in no consistent direction that favored one racial group or another. Although the substantial investment in this technology might have produced clinical advances, it has thus far made little or no contribution to our understanding of population-level racial health disparities in cardiovascular disease.
Topics: Black People; Cardiovascular Diseases; Genomics; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; PubMed; Review Literature as Topic; White People
PubMed: 25731887
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu319 -
PloS One 2012Uncovering population structure is important for properly conducting association studies and for examining the demographic history of a population. Here, we examined the...
Uncovering population structure is important for properly conducting association studies and for examining the demographic history of a population. Here, we examined the Japanese population substructure using data from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC), which covers all but the northern region of Japan. Using 222 autosomal loci from 4502 subjects, we investigated population substructure by estimating F(ST) among populations, testing population differentiation, and performing principal component analysis (PCA) and correspondence analysis (CA). All analyses revealed a low but significant differentiation between the Amami Islanders and the mainland Japanese population. Furthermore, we examined the genetic differentiation between the mainland population, Amami Islanders and Okinawa Islanders using six loci included in both the Pan-Asian SNP (PASNP) consortium data and the J-MICC data. This analysis revealed that the Amami and Okinawa Islanders were differentiated from the mainland population. In conclusion, we revealed a low but significant level of genetic differentiation between the mainland population and populations in or to the south of the Amami Islands, although genetic variation between both populations might be clinal. Therefore, the possibility of population stratification must be considered when enrolling the islander population of this area, such as in the J-MICC study.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; Genetic Variation; Geography; Humans; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Population Dynamics; Population Groups
PubMed: 22509376
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035000 -
Social Science Quarterly 2010Within the long line of inquiry on demand for sport, one area that has gone relatively unexamined is that of domestic migration. In this research, the relationship...
OBJECTIVES
Within the long line of inquiry on demand for sport, one area that has gone relatively unexamined is that of domestic migration. In this research, the relationship between population migration and team loyalty is explored.
METHODS
A linear mixed model uses data from the U.S. Census Bureau and Nielsen Company to analyze the effect domestic migration has on demand for National Football League games.
RESULTS
Ratings were higher in population centers with smaller per-capita population inflow (regardless of the origins of the inflow). The results further showed that increases in population flow from City A to City B were associated with increased demand for broadcasts in City B when Team B visited City A.
CONCLUSIONS
The first finding suggests that sports viewership is not utilized as a vehicle for domestic transplants to integrate into their new community. The second finding suggests there is a nostalgia effect for an individual's previous hometown, though not necessarily for the team representing it in the league.
Topics: Cultural Characteristics; Expressed Emotion; Football; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Population Groups; Social Behavior; Social Mobility; Socioeconomic Factors; Sports; United States
PubMed: 20645466
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00720.x -
International Journal of Legal Medicine Sep 2011Because of their sensitivity and high level of discrimination, short tandem repeat (STR) maker systems are currently the method of choice in routine forensic casework...
Because of their sensitivity and high level of discrimination, short tandem repeat (STR) maker systems are currently the method of choice in routine forensic casework and data banking, usually in multiplexes up to 15-17 loci. Constraints related to sample amount and quality, frequently encountered in forensic casework, will not allow to change this picture in the near future, notwithstanding the technological developments. In this study, we present a free online calculator named PopAffiliator ( http://cracs.fc.up.pt/popaffiliator ) for individual population affiliation in the three main population groups, Eurasian, East Asian and sub-Saharan African, based on genotype profiles for the common set of STRs used in forensics. This calculator performs affiliation based on a model constructed using machine learning techniques. The model was constructed using a data set of approximately fifteen thousand individuals collected for this work. The accuracy of individual population affiliation is approximately 86%, showing that the common set of STRs routinely used in forensics provide a considerable amount of information for population assignment, in addition to being excellent for individual identification.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Computers; Forensic Genetics; Gene Frequency; Genetic Markers; Genetics, Population; Genotype; Humans; Microsatellite Repeats; Population Groups
PubMed: 20552217
DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0472-2 -
Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.) 2013
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Population Groups; Program Evaluation; Public Health Nursing; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Use
PubMed: 24000917
DOI: 10.1111/phn.12065