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Journal of Immunology Research 2014Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative oral anaerobe that is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and is a member of more than 500 bacterial species that... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative oral anaerobe that is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and is a member of more than 500 bacterial species that live in the oral cavity. This anaerobic bacterium is a natural member of the oral microbiome, yet it can become highly destructive (termed pathobiont) and proliferate to high cell numbers in periodontal lesions: this is attributed to its arsenal of specialized virulence factors. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of one of the main periodontal pathogens-Porphyromonas gingivalis. This bacterium, along with Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia, constitute the "red complex," a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. This review outlines Porphyromonas gingivalis structure, its metabolism, its ability to colonize the epithelial cells, and its influence upon the host immunity.
Topics: Bacteroidaceae Infections; Humans; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 24741603
DOI: 10.1155/2014/476068 -
Trends in Microbiology Apr 2021
Topics: Bacteroidaceae Infections; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 33546976
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.010 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Periodontal disease is a chronic infectious disease associated with a variety of bacteria, which can cause damage to the periodontal support structure and affect a... (Review)
Review
Periodontal disease is a chronic infectious disease associated with a variety of bacteria, which can cause damage to the periodontal support structure and affect a variety of systemic system diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and Alzheimer's disease. () is the most important pathogenic bacteria for periodontal disease. It can produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and release them into the environment, playing an important role in its pathogenesis. This article focuses on OMVs, reviews its production and regulation, virulence components, mode of action and related diseases, with a view to providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to infections.
Topics: Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33585266
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.585917 -
Anaerobe Apr 2021Anaerobes form a large part of microbial communities, and have begun to be specifically studied in both healthy and pathologic contexts. Porphyromonas is one of the top... (Review)
Review
Anaerobes form a large part of microbial communities, and have begun to be specifically studied in both healthy and pathologic contexts. Porphyromonas is one of the top ten anaerobic taxa in the microbiome (anaerobiome) in healthy subjects. However, to date, most studies focused on the deleterious role of P. gingivalis, the most widely described species. Interestingly, targeted metagenomics reveals Porphyromonas other than gingivalis (POTG), highlighting other species such as P. catoniae or P. pasteri as potential biomarkers in disease progression or pathogen colonization susceptibility. From the sparse data, it appears that the Porphyromonas genus may also be a relevant target of investigation in several pulmonary diseases. Moreover, deciphering cutaneous, gastric and oral microbiomes hint that Porphyromonas may be a genus of interest in non-pulmonary diseases. This review aims to summarize the major data on POTG and to report their impact on the various human microbiomes in different clinical states.
Topics: Bacteroidaceae Infections; Humans; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Porphyromonas
PubMed: 32615270
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102230 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, involving a pathological process of endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposition, plaque rupture, and arterial... (Review)
Review
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, involving a pathological process of endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposition, plaque rupture, and arterial occlusion, and is one of the leading causes of death in the world population. The progression of AS is closely associated with several inflammatory diseases, among which periodontitis has been shown to increase the risk of AS. (), presenting in large numbers in subgingival plaque biofilms, is the "dominant flora" in periodontitis, and its multiple virulence factors are important in stimulating host immunity. Therefore, it is significant to elucidate the potential mechanism and association between and AS to prevent and treat AS. By summarizing the existing studies, we found that promotes the progression of AS through multiple immune pathways. can escape host immune clearance and, in various forms, circulate with blood and lymph and colonize arterial vessel walls, directly inducing local inflammation in blood vessels. It also induces the production of systemic inflammatory mediators and autoimmune antibodies, disrupts the serum lipid profile, and thus promotes the progression of AS. In this paper, we summarize the recent evidence (including clinical studies and animal studies) on the correlation between and AS, and describe the specific immune mechanisms by which promotes AS progression from three aspects (immune escape, blood circulation, and lymphatic circulation), providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of AS by suppressing periodontal pathogenic bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Periodontitis; Inflammation; Atherosclerosis; Lipids
PubMed: 36999040
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103592 -
International Journal of Oral Science Sep 2021Ulcerative Colitis (UC) has been reported to be related to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), a...
Ulcerative Colitis (UC) has been reported to be related to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), a virulence factor released by P. gingivalis, is known to induce inflammatory responses. To explore the pathological relationships between PPAD and UC, we used homologous recombination technology to construct a P. gingivalis strain in which the PPAD gene was deleted (Δppad) and a Δppad strain in which the PPAD gene was restored (comΔppad). C57BL/6 mice were orally gavaged with saline, P. gingivalis, Δppad, or comΔppad twice a week for the entire 40 days (days 0-40), and then, UC was induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution for 10 days (days 31-40). P. gingivalis and comΔppad exacerbated DDS-induced colitis, which was determined by assessing the parameters of colon length, disease activity index, and histological activity index, but Δppad failed to exacerbate DDS-induced colitis. Flow cytometry and ELISA revealed that compared with Δppad, P. gingivalis, and comΔppad increased T helper 17 (Th17) cell numbers and interleukin (IL)-17 production but decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs) numbers and IL-10 production in the spleens of mice with UC. We also cocultured P. gingivalis, Δppad, or comΔppad with T lymphocytes in vitro and found that P. gingivalis and comΔppad significantly increased Th17 cell numbers and decreased Treg cell numbers. Immunofluorescence staining of colon tissue paraffin sections also confirmed these results. The results suggested that P. gingivalis exacerbated the severity of UC in part via PPAD.
Topics: Animals; Colitis, Ulcerative; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Protein-Arginine Deiminases; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34593756
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00136-2 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Autophagy is an immune homeostasis process induced by multiple intracellular and extracellular signals. Inflammation is a protective response to harmful stimuli such as... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is an immune homeostasis process induced by multiple intracellular and extracellular signals. Inflammation is a protective response to harmful stimuli such as pathogen microbial infection and body tissue damage. infection elicits both autophagy and inflammation, and dysregulation of autophagy and inflammation promotes pathology. This review focuses on the interaction between autophagy and inflammation caused by infection, aiming to elaborate on the possible mechanism involved in the interaction.
Topics: Autophagy; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 35846745
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892610 -
International Journal of Oral Science Sep 2021Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a key pathogen in periodontitis, has been shown to accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). However, the definite...
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a key pathogen in periodontitis, has been shown to accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). However, the definite mechanisms remain elusive. Emerging evidence supports an association between mitochondrial dysfunction and AS. In our study, the impact of P. gingivalis on mitochondrial dysfunction and the potential mechanism were investigated. The mitochondrial morphology of EA.hy926 cells infected with P. gingivalis was assessed by transmission electron microscopy, mitochondrial staining, and quantitative analysis of the mitochondrial network. Fluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis were performed to determine mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels. Cellular ATP production was examined by a luminescence assay kit. The expression of key fusion and fission proteins was evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence. Mdivi-1, a specific Drp1 inhibitor, was used to elucidate the role of Drp1 in mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings showed that P. gingivalis infection induced mitochondrial fragmentation, increased the mtROS levels, and decreased the MMP and ATP concentration in vascular endothelial cells. We observed upregulation of Drp1 (Ser616) phosphorylation and translocation of Drp1 to mitochondria. Mdivi-1 blocked the mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction induced by P. gingivalis. Collectively, these results revealed that P. gingivalis infection promoted mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction, which was dependent on Drp1. Mitochondrial dysfunction may represent the mechanism by which P. gingivalis exacerbates atherosclerotic lesions.
Topics: Endothelial Cells; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Dynamics; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 34475379
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00134-4 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Apr 2023This review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of xylitol against Porphyromonas gingivalis anaerobic species, a key microbe contributing to periodontal disease... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of xylitol against Porphyromonas gingivalis anaerobic species, a key microbe contributing to periodontal disease pathogenesis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Relevant studies published on seven online databases (Cochrane, Ovid, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) were included in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria allowed all study designs involving xylitol and P. gingivalis, literature published since the year 2000, and all xylitol delivery forms.
RESULTS
The initial search yielded 186 papers. After the removal of duplicates, five reviewers screened every article for eligibility and seven articles were selected for data extraction. Four out of seven included studies assessed the dose-dependent effect of xylitol on P. gingivalis growth, two studies assessed the effect of xylitol on P. gingivalis-induced cytokine expression, and one study assessed both domains.
CONCLUSIONS
From the in vitro studies included in this systematic review, there is some evidence of xylitol's inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis. However, more evidence derived from in vivo studies is required to confirm its effectiveness warranting their routine use.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Xylitol; Periodontal Diseases; Cytokines
PubMed: 36894516
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.724 -
Stem Cells and Development Dec 2021Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly used in tissue regeneration, not only because of their multilineage differentiation ability, but also because of their... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly used in tissue regeneration, not only because of their multilineage differentiation ability, but also because of their immunomodulatory function, which allows them to play a role in the inflammatory milieu, especially in periodontitis. () is an important pathogen associated with the progression of periodontitis. Heterogeneous MSC sources show differences in their inflammatory-immune responsiveness and osteogenesis capabilities when exposed to and its virulence factors. This article reviews the promoted inflammatory and immune responses of periodontal ligament stem cells, which are potential pitfalls in bone regeneration. MSCs from other sources showed contradictory inflammatory and immune reactions in the few studies on this topic. We also summarize the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory, immune responses and osteogenic potential of MSCs exposed to and its virulence factors to inform an improved utilization of MSCs in regenerative therapies for periodontitis.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Immunity; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 34628938
DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0068