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FEMS Microbiology Reviews Jan 2005Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium associated with the initiation and progression of adult periodontal disease. Iron is utilized by this... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium associated with the initiation and progression of adult periodontal disease. Iron is utilized by this pathogen in the form of heme and has been shown to play an essential role in its growth and virulence. Recently, considerable attention has been given to the characterization of various secreted and surface-associated proteins of P. gingivalis and their contribution to virulence. In particular, the properties of proteins involved in the uptake of iron and heme have been extensively studied. Unlike other Gram-negative bacteria, P. gingivalis does not produce siderophores. Instead it employs specific outer membrane receptors, proteases (particularly gingipains), and lipoproteins to acquire iron/heme. In this review, we will focus on the diverse mechanisms of iron and heme acquisition in P. gingivalis. Specific proteins involved in iron and heme capture will be described. In addition, we will discuss new genes for iron/heme utilization identified by nucleotide sequencing of the P. gingivalis W83 genome. Putative iron- and heme-responsive gene regulation in P. gingivalis will be discussed. We will also examine the significance of heme/hemoglobin acquisition for the virulence of this pathogen.
Topics: Genes, Bacterial; Heme; Iron; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence
PubMed: 15652979
DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.001 -
Gut bacteria identified in colorectal cancer patients promote tumourigenesis via butyrate secretion.Nature Communications Sep 2021Emerging evidence is revealing that alterations in gut microbiota are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, very little is currently known about whether and...
Emerging evidence is revealing that alterations in gut microbiota are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, very little is currently known about whether and how gut microbiota alterations are causally associated with CRC development. Here we show that 12 faecal bacterial taxa are enriched in CRC patients in two independent cohort studies. Among them, 2 Porphyromonas species are capable of inducing cellular senescence, an oncogenic stress response, through the secretion of the bacterial metabolite, butyrate. Notably, the invasion of these bacteria is observed in the CRC tissues, coinciding with the elevation of butyrate levels and signs of senescence-associated inflammatory phenotypes. Moreover, although the administration of these bacteria into Apc mice accelerate the onset of colorectal tumours, this is not the case when bacterial butyrate-synthesis genes are disrupted. These results suggest a causal relationship between Porphyromonas species overgrowth and colorectal tumourigenesis which may be due to butyrate-induced senescence.
Topics: Bacteria; Butyrates; Carcinogenesis; Cellular Senescence; Colorectal Neoplasms; Epithelial Cells; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Intestines; Porphyromonas; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 34584098
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25965-x -
Journal of Periodontal Research Apr 2004Periodontal disease is an infectious disorder caused by a small subset of periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis. Accumulated evidences show that the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Periodontal disease is an infectious disorder caused by a small subset of periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis. Accumulated evidences show that the expression of P. gingivalis heterogenic virulence properties is dependent on its clonal diversity. P. gingivalis expresses two distinct fimbria molecules, major and minor fimbriae, on its cell surfaces, both of which seem to be involved in the development of periodontitis. In this short review, variations of fimbriae in relation to microbial pathogenesis are discussed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our recent findings are summarized to elucidate the relationship between clonal variation of fimbriae and bacterial pathogenicity of various strains.
RESULTS
Major fimbriae were classified into six types (I to V and Ib) based on the diversity of fimA genes encoding FimA (a subunit of major fimbriae). A majority of periodontitis patients were found to carry type II fimA organisms, followed by type IV, and type II fimA organisms were significantly occurred with more severe forms of periodontitis. Studies of clones with type II fimA have revealed significantly greater adhesive and invasive capabilities to epithelial cells than other fimA type clones. Minor fimbriae induced interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) cytokine expression in macrophages and were suggested to be a causative factor of alveolar bone resorption in animal models. The clonal diversity of minor fimbriae is unclear, however, distinct minor fimbria molecules were found in different strains.
CONCLUSION
The fimbria variations may have an influence on the development of periodontal disease.
Topics: Animals; Clone Cells; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Humans; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence
PubMed: 15009522
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00719.x -
The Keio Journal of Medicine Sep 2003Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a gram-negative anaerobe, is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, and is found frequently in the subgingival... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a gram-negative anaerobe, is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, and is found frequently in the subgingival flora in patients with periodontitis. This organism possesses a variety of virulence factors including lipopolysaccharide, capsular material, fimbriae and proteases (enzymes). Among the P. gingivalis antigens, enzymes such as Arginine-specific gingipains (RgpA, RgpB) and lysine-specific gingipain (Kgp) have been studied for their ability to induce biologically significant antibodies. This review summarizes recent information on the gingipains and their possible application in the development of an anti-P. gingivalis vaccine.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Antigens; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Hemagglutinins; Humans; Phagocytosis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Vaccines; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 14529148
DOI: 10.2302/kjm.52.158 -
Anaerobe Dec 2020Studies on the anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas, mainly focused on P. gingivalis, have revealed new bacterial structures, metabolic pathways, and physiologic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Studies on the anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas, mainly focused on P. gingivalis, have revealed new bacterial structures, metabolic pathways, and physiologic functionalities. Porphyromonas are mainly described as being associated with mammals and involved in chronic oral infections and secondary pathologies such as cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we collected and analyzed information regarding Porphyromonas isolation sites and associated conditions and showed that Porphyromonas are detected in numerous pristine and anthropic environments and that their host range appears wider than previously believed, including aquatic animals, arthropods, and birds, even if their predominant hosts remain humans, pets, and farm animals. Our analyses also revealed their presence in multiple organs and in a substantial proportion of healthy contexts. Overall, the growing numbers of microbiota studies have allowed unprecedented advances in the understanding of Porphyromonas ecology but raise questions regarding their phylogenic assignment. In conclusion, this systematic and meta-analysis provides an overview of current knowledge regarding Porphyromonas ecological distribution and encourages additional research to fill the knowledge gaps to better understand their environmental distribution and inter- and intra-species transmission.
Topics: Animals; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Environmental Microbiology; Host Specificity; Humans; Porphyromonas; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Symbiosis
PubMed: 33011277
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Oct 2009Porphyromonas gingivalis is implicated in the etiology of chronic periodontitis. Genotyping studies suggest that genetic variability exists among P. gingivalis strains;...
Porphyromonas gingivalis is implicated in the etiology of chronic periodontitis. Genotyping studies suggest that genetic variability exists among P. gingivalis strains; however, the extent of variability remains unclear and regions of variability remain largely unidentified. To assess P. gingivalis strain diversity, we previously used heteroduplex analysis of the ribosomal operon intergenic spacer region (ISR) to type strains in clinical samples and identified 22 heteroduplex types. Additionally, we used ISR sequence analysis to determine the relatedness of P. gingivalis strains to one another and demonstrated a link between ISR sequence phylogeny and the disease-associated phenotype of the strains. In the current study, heteroduplex analysis of the ISR was used to determine the worldwide genetic variability and distribution of P. gingivalis, and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis was used to more comprehensively examine the variability of major heteroduplex type strains by using the entire genome. Heteroduplex analysis of clinical samples from geographically diverse populations identified 6 predominant geographically widespread heteroduplex types (prevalence, > or = 5%) and 14 rare heteroduplex types (prevalence, <2%) which are found in one or a few locations. CGH analysis of the genomes of seven clinically prevalent heteroduplex type strains identified 133 genes from strain W83 that were divergent in at least one of the other strains. The relatedness of the strains to one another determined on the basis of genome content (microarray) analysis was highly similar to their relatedness determined on the basis of ISR sequence analysis, and a striking correlation between the genome contents and disease-associated phenotypes of the strains was observed.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; Comparative Genomic Hybridization; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Geography; Heteroduplex Analysis; Humans; Periodontitis; Phylogeny; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 19675220
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00569-09 -
Future Microbiology May 2013Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the human oral cavity. It is implicated in the development of periodontitis, a chronic... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the human oral cavity. It is implicated in the development of periodontitis, a chronic periodontal disease affecting half of the adult population in the USA. To survive in the oral cavity, these bacteria must colonize dental plaque biofilms in competition with other bacterial species. Long-term survival requires P. gingivalis to evade host immune responses, while simultaneously adapting to the changing physiology of the host and to alterations in the plaque biofilm. In reflection of this highly variable niche, P. gingivalis is a genetically diverse species and in this review the authors summarize genetic diversity as it relates to pathogenicity in P. gingivalis. Recent studies revealing a variety of mechanisms by which adaptive changes in genetic content can occur are also reviewed. Understanding the genetic plasticity of P. gingivalis will provide a better framework for understanding the host-microbe interactions associated with periodontal disease.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Genetic Variation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mouth; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence
PubMed: 23642116
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.30 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... Jun 2000Recent basic and clinical research efforts have shed more light on the taxonomy, microbiology, epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility and treatment of Bacteroides,... (Review)
Review
Recent basic and clinical research efforts have shed more light on the taxonomy, microbiology, epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility and treatment of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas species. Of all anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides is the most frequently isolated pathogen from clinical specimens, including blood. Bacteroides, Prevotella and/or Porphyromonas species have been isolated from clinical specimens in cases of infection from almost all anatomic sites. Several multicentre surveys have documented an alarming gradual increase of resistance rates of Bacteroides, Prevotella and Porphyromonas species worldwide. Antimicrobial agents active against >99% of clinical isolates of Bacteroides are metronidazole, chloramphenicol and carbapenems. Agents active against 95-99% of Bacteroides fragilis isolates are the beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. B. fragilis group species other than B. fragilis are more likely to be resistant to beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations than B. fragilis.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bacteroides; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Porphyromonas; Prevotella
PubMed: 10856670
DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00164-8 -
Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Aug 2000During recent years much effort has been put into understanding the genetic composition of the oral populations of black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria. One of them,... (Review)
Review
During recent years much effort has been put into understanding the genetic composition of the oral populations of black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria. One of them, Porphyromonas gingivalis, is a putative periodontopathogenic organism considered to be particularly relevant in the etiology of adult periodontitis. It has been shown in studies using molecular typing methods that most bacterial populations consist of numerous genetic clones, and that only a small proportion of these clones cause disease. Elucidation of a possible association of genotypic profiles with either disease or clinical healthy condition is important for understanding the pathogenic characteristics of bacteria. Studies addressing this issue as it relates to P. gingivalis are reviewed in the present article. Genotypic characterization of P. gingivalis strains has revealed extensive heterogeneity in natural populations of this bacterium. Some of the potential virulence factors of P. gingivalis have been purified and cloned and methods have been established to identify their genes. Although no studies have clearly defined the relationship between a specific genotype of P. gingivalis and periodontal status of the host, it seems that molecular typing tools, which are undergoing rapid improvements, will allow us to distinguish between virulent and avirulent strains of the same species in the near future.
Topics: Adult; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Genetic Variation; Humans; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Periodontitis; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Ribotyping; Virulence
PubMed: 11045373
DOI: 10.1080/000163500429190 -
Cellular Microbiology Aug 2021Porphyromonas gulae, an animal-derived periodontal pathogen, expresses several virulence factors, including fimbria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proteases. We...
Porphyromonas gulae, an animal-derived periodontal pathogen, expresses several virulence factors, including fimbria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proteases. We previously reported that its invasive efficiency was dependent on fimbriae types. In addition, P. gulae LPS increased inflammatory responses via toll-like receptors. The present study was conducted to investigate the involvement of P. gulae proteases in bacterial and host cell biology. Porphyromonas gulae strains showed an ability to agglutinate mouse erythrocytes and also demonstrated co-aggregation with Actinomyces viscosus, while the protease inhibitors antipain, PMSF, TLCK and leupeptin diminished P. gulae proteolytic activity, resulting in inhibition of haemagglutination and co-aggregation with A. viscosus. In addition, specific proteinase inhibitors were found to reduce bacterial cell growth. Porphyromonas gulae inhibited Ca9-22 cell proliferation in a multiplicity of infection- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, P. gulae-induced decreases in cell contact and adhesion-related proteins were accompanied by a marked change in cell morphology from well spread to rounded. In contrast, inhibition of protease activity prevented degradation of proteins, such as E-cadherin, β-catenin and focal adhesion kinase, and also blocked inhibition of cell proliferation. Together, these results indicate suppression of the amount of human proteins, such as γ-globulin, fibrinogen and fibronectin, by P. gulae proteases, suggesting that a novel protease complex contributes to bacterial virulence.
Topics: Animals; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Mice; Peptide Hydrolases; Porphyromonas; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 33486854
DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13312