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Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Apr 2024The majority of species previously categorized as Bacteroides have been reassigned into new genera. Bacteroides levii (Holdeman, Cato, and Mooretaxonomic)'s status has... (Review)
Review
The majority of species previously categorized as Bacteroides have been reassigned into new genera. Bacteroides levii (Holdeman, Cato, and Mooretaxonomic)'s status has remained uncertain. This species shares a high degree of similarity with members of the genus Porphyromonas based on biochemical, chemical, and comparative 16s rRNA sequence analysis. As a result, Bacteroides levii (Holdeman, Cato, and Moore) was reclassified as comb. now under the genus Porphyromonas.
PubMed: 38882857
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1106_23 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Sep 2005Porphyromonas levii is an anaerobic, pigmented gram-negative bacillus originally isolated from bovine rumen. We describe 58 human clinical strains of P. levii-like...
Porphyromonas levii is an anaerobic, pigmented gram-negative bacillus originally isolated from bovine rumen. We describe 58 human clinical strains of P. levii-like organisms, isolated from various human clinical specimens that are phenotypically similar to the type strain of P. levii, a rumen isolate (ATCC 29147). Our biochemical, comparative 16S rRNA sequence analyses, and DNAlpha-DNA relatedness studies indicate that the human P. levii-like organisms are similar to each other but genetically different from the P. levii type strain isolated from bovine rumen. We therefore propose the name Porphyromonas somerae to encompass the human P. levii-like organisms. P. somerae was predominantly isolated from patients with chronic skin and soft tissue or bone infections, especially in the lower extremities.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bacteroidaceae Infections; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phenotype; Porphyromonas; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 16145091
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.9.4455-4459.2005 -
Biofilm Dec 2022Host immune cells and clinical interventions often fail to eradicate biofilm-mediated infections, resulting in chronic inflammation. The role of the biofilm...
Host immune cells and clinical interventions often fail to eradicate biofilm-mediated infections, resulting in chronic inflammation. The role of the biofilm three-dimensional structure in this tolerant phenotype has been studied extensively; however, the impact of small molecules released from biofilm-bacteria in modulating host immune function is less well understood. A model of mixed-species biofilms composed of and was developed to evaluate bovine neutrophil responses to bioactive molecules released from either biofilm or planktonic bacteria. We hypothesized that different soluble extracellular factors (ECFs) would be released from planktonic and biofilm bacteria, resulting in altered neutrophil function. Neutrophils exposed to ECFs from planktonic bacteria showed significantly elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, biofilm components from these same species of bacteria failed to induce such a response. Size-exclusion filtration of ECFs revealed that the bioactive molecule causing neutrophil ROS responses was below 3 kDa. Intensive heat, nuclease, lipase, or protease treatments of the <3 kDa fractions did not alter neutrophil functional responses. Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is an important heme precursor and growth requirement for many anaerobes. species can accumulate environmental PPIX at the cell surface as a strategy to protect the bacteria from oxidative stress and we investigated the direct interaction of bovine neutrophils with PPIX. In the present study, evidence suggests that the accumulation of protoporphyrin in these dual-species biofilm ECFs attenuates neutrophil ROS production and chemotaxis. The diminished neutrophil response to biofilm ECFs via the action of PPIX may represent a biofilm immune-evasion strategy that could assist in explaining the ineffectual host clearance of biofilm-mediated infections involving these bacteria.
PubMed: 36478961
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100095 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research May 2002To examine the host response toward Porphyromonas levii, by evaluating chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst of bovine macrophages in vitro.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the host response toward Porphyromonas levii, by evaluating chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst of bovine macrophages in vitro.
SAMPLE POPULATION
Cultured bovine macrophages obtained from monocytes harvested from blood samples of 15 Holstein steers. Porphyromonas levii was isolated from the foot rot lesion of an acutely affected feedlot steer.
PROCEDURE
Monocytes were cultured for macrophage differentiation over 7 days. Porphyromonas levii was cultured in strict anaerobic conditions for experimentation. Chemotaxis was evaluated by quantifying macrophage migration toward P. levii in Boyden chambers. Phagocytosis was assessed by quantification of macrophages engulfing P. levii following incubation with or without anti-P. levii serum or purified IgG. Oxidative burst was measured by use of the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay.
RESULTS
Chemotaxis toward P. levii was not significantly different from control values at any of the tested bacterial concentrations. Phagocytosis of P. levii was approximately 10% at a 10:1 bacterium to macrophage ratio and did not change significantly over time. When higher proportions of P. levii were tested for phagocytosis, the 1,000:1 bacterium to macrophage ratio had a significant increase, compared with the 10:1 test group. Opsonization of P. levii with high-titeranti-P. levii serum or anti-P. levii IgG produced a significant increase in macrophage phagocytosis. Oxidative production significantly increased compared with control in the 1,000:1 test group only.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Porphyromonas levii may evade host detection by decreased chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst by macrophages. Acquired immunity may be beneficial for clearance of P. levii in foot rot lesions in cattle.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chemotaxis; Foot Rot; Indicators and Reagents; Macrophages; Male; Microscopy, Electron; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; Phagocytosis; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas Infections; Respiratory Burst
PubMed: 12013480
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.757 -
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research... Apr 1999Acute interdigital phlegmon (AIP) is a commonly occurring anaerobic bacterial infection in cattle. This study examined in vitro the interaction of bovine...
Acute interdigital phlegmon (AIP) is a commonly occurring anaerobic bacterial infection in cattle. This study examined in vitro the interaction of bovine polymorphonuclear granulocytic neutrophils (PMN) from blood with bacterial species involved in AIP. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils were purified from whole bovine blood, exposed to one of the three putative etiologic agents of AIP and comparatively assessed for phagocytosis using light microscopy. Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella intermedia were effectively phagocytosed by PMN, but Porphyromonas levii was phagocytosed significantly less effectively by PMN. The effect of high titre anti-P. levii bovine serum on antibody-mediated phagocytosis by PMN was also evaluated. High titre serum increased the efficiency of phagocytosis of P. levii by bovine PMN. This was independent of heat labile complement factors. Antibodies specific for P. levii were assessed for protease activity capable of cleaving bovine immunoglobulins (IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM). Partially purified supernatant from broth cultures of P. levii were incubated with biotinylated immunoglobulins (Igs). Samples were taken from times 0 to 72 h and examined using SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis. Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase and NBT-BCIP were used to visualize the Igs for heavy and light chains as well as lower molecular weight fragments of these glycoproteins. Porphyromonas levii produced an immunoglobulin protease which readily cleaved bovine IgG into fragments, but did not act against IgM. Specifically, the enzyme may be a significant virulence factor as it may act to neutralize the antibodies demonstrated necessary for effective PMN-mediated phagocytosis.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Biotinylation; Cattle; Fusobacterium; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Metalloendopeptidases; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Porphyromonas; Prevotella; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 10369568
DOI: No ID Found -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2017Bovine foot rot (BFR) is an infectious disease of the interdigital skin and subcutaneous tissues of beef and dairy cattle that occurs under a variety of management and... (Review)
Review
Bovine foot rot (BFR) is an infectious disease of the interdigital skin and subcutaneous tissues of beef and dairy cattle that occurs under a variety of management and environmental settings. The anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas levii, and Prevotella intermedia are commonly isolated from lesions. A multitude of host, agent, and environmental factors contribute to the development of BFR. Initiation of systemic antimicrobial therapy early in the course of disease commonly leads to resolution. Delays in treatment may result in extension of infection into deeper bone, synovial structures, or ligamentous structures, and the prognosis for recovery is reduced.
Topics: Animals; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Foot Rot; Fusobacterium Infections; Fusobacterium necrophorum; Lameness, Animal; Porphyromonas; Prevotella intermedia
PubMed: 28579042
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.02.003 -
Anaerobe Oct 2017Biofilms composed of anaerobic bacteria can result in persistent infections and chronic inflammation. Host immune cells have difficulties clearing biofilm-related...
Biofilms composed of anaerobic bacteria can result in persistent infections and chronic inflammation. Host immune cells have difficulties clearing biofilm-related infections and this can result in tissue damage. Neutrophils are a vital component of the innate immune system and help clear biofilms. The comparative neutrophilic response to biofilms versus planktonic bacteria remains incompletely understood, particularly in the context of mixed infections. The objective of this study was to generate mixed species anaerobic bacterial biofilms composed of two opportunistic pathogens, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii, and evaluate neutrophil responses to extracellular fractions from both biofilms and planktonic cell co-cultures of the same bacteria. Purified bovine neutrophils exposed to culture supernatants from mixed species planktonic bacteria showed elevated oxidative activity compared to neutrophils exposed to biofilms composed of the same bacteria. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide plays a significant role in the stimulation of neutrophils; biofilms produced substantially more lipopolysaccharide than planktonic bacteria under these experimental conditions. Removal of lipopolysaccharide significantly reduced neutrophil oxidative response to culture supernatants of planktonic bacteria. Oxidative responses to LPS-removed biofilm supernatants and LPS-removed planktonic cell supernatants were similar. The limited neutrophil response to biofilm bacteria observed in this study supports the reduced ability of the innate immune system to eradicate biofilm-associated infections. Lipopolysaccharide is likely important in neutrophil response; however, the presence of other extracellular, immune modifying molecules in the bacterial media also appears to be important in altering neutrophil function.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Cattle; Fusobacterium necrophorum; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Neutrophils; Oxidants; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Porphyromonas
PubMed: 28526497
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.05.008 -
Microbiology and Immunology Jun 2010Bovine digital epidermitis involves different pathologies, including PDD, interdigital dermatitis, and foot rot. Bacteriological and molecular biological studies suggest...
Bovine digital epidermitis involves different pathologies, including PDD, interdigital dermatitis, and foot rot. Bacteriological and molecular biological studies suggest that these are multimicrobial infections. During our study on the isolation of treponemes from biopsies of PDD, colonies producing black pigment were isolated frequently from the primary cultures, suggesting that Porphyromonas species were present. Moreover, 16S rRNA genes of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii-like species were detected in the lesions. We therefore determined whether an immunological response could be elicited by a P. levii-like organism isolated from a PDD lesion, as well as two subspecies of F. necrophorum in the sera from cows with and without PDD. A total of 151 serum samples were collected from 85 cows with PDD lesions and 33 cows without lesions on 12 PDD-positive farms and from 33 cows on two PDD-free farms. ELISA data showed that IgG antibody levels against antigens of P. levii-like species and F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum were significantly higher in cows on PDD-positive farms than in cows on PDD-free farms, regardless of the presence of PDD lesions in the cows on the PDD-positive farms. However, F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme was present at low levels in both groups. The ELISA results were confirmed by western blot analysis. Furthermore, antigens of these bacteria were detected in PDD-biopsy sections examined by immunohistochemical staining. F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum and P. levii-like species may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDD.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dermatitis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Foot Dermatoses; Fusobacterium necrophorum; Immunohistochemistry; Porphyromonas; Rabbits
PubMed: 20536732
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00220.x -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Mar 2004An outbreak of bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis associated with Porphyromonas levii, an emerging animal and human pathogen, affected 32 cows on a dairy farm in the...
An outbreak of bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis associated with Porphyromonas levii, an emerging animal and human pathogen, affected 32 cows on a dairy farm in the northeast of Israel. Five animals had to be culled. This report appears to be the first that associates P. levii with bovine necrotic vulvovagnitis.
Topics: Animals; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Israel; Porphyromonas; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 15109423
DOI: 10.3201/eid1003.020592 -
Veterinary Therapeutics : Research in... 2009Laboratories use pigmentation, antibiotic susceptibility, and biochemical tests to identify anaerobic organisms that play a role in bovine interdigital necrobacillosis...
Laboratories use pigmentation, antibiotic susceptibility, and biochemical tests to identify anaerobic organisms that play a role in bovine interdigital necrobacillosis (bovine foot rot). In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify strains to the species level that were originally classified as Prevotella or Porphyromonas spp by conventional phenotype assessment methods. Of 264 qualified strains from ceftiofur clinical trials, 241 isolates were definitively identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Porphyromonas levii. Similarly, of 275 qualified strains from tulathromycin clinical trials, 156 isolates were definitively identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as P. levii. The predominance of P. levii in this study supports the role of this organism as an associative agent of bovine foot rot and may have implications for routine laboratory diagnosis.
Topics: Animals; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Foot Diseases; Porphyromonas; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 20425726
DOI: No ID Found