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The Journal of Comparative Neurology Sep 1982The fiber composition of the left major splanchnic nerve was studied in cats by electron microscopy. Comparisons were made between normal and partially degenerated nerve...
The fiber composition of the left major splanchnic nerve was studied in cats by electron microscopy. Comparisons were made between normal and partially degenerated nerve specimens following ventral rhizotomy (T3-L1), or spinal nerve division (T3-L1). Normal, major splanchnic nerves contained 2,500-4,000 myelinated and 10,000-15,000 unmyelinated fibers. Preganglionic fibers included approximately 90% of the finely myelinated (1-7 micrometers) and over 50% of the unmyelinated fibers. Removal of the sensory and preganglionic components by spinal nerve division revealed a third postganglionic fiber category. This included 13-38 small myelinated (1-5 micrometers) and 1,645-7,619 unmyelinated fibers. Finally, a comparison of normal and partially degenerated nerve specimens of both groups (ventral rhizotomy and spinal nerve cut) indicated that splanchnic afferents are made up of virtually all of the 120-350 large myelinated (8-14 micrometers) and 10% of the small myelinated (1-7 micrometers) fibers. A preliminary estimate indicated that about 10-20% of the unmyelinated fibers were sensory. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Cats; Cell Count; Microscopy, Electron; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; Neurons, Afferent; Spinal Nerve Roots; Splanchnic Nerves
PubMed: 7130470
DOI: 10.1002/cne.902100106 -
Acta Oto-laryngologica 1983Clinical experience with a newly designed device for cryosurgery on autonomic nerves in cases of vasomotor rhinitis is reported. The device consists of a handy spray of...
Clinical experience with a newly designed device for cryosurgery on autonomic nerves in cases of vasomotor rhinitis is reported. The device consists of a handy spray of liquid nitrogen and a slender probe 2.5 mm in diameter. The posterior nasal branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion were destructed by freezing for 5-8 sec with a jet of supercooled nitrogen gas delivered onto the pterygopalatine foramen under anesthesia with 4% lidocaine. Satisfactory results were obtained by this procedure in 77 of 102 cases of vasomotor rhinitis which had failed to respond to antihistaminics. This original technique of cryosurgery which is not time-consuming and can be performed on an ambulatory basis will prove useful in clinical practice.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Cryosurgery; Humans; Nasal Mucosa; Rhinitis, Vasomotor
PubMed: 6613543
DOI: 10.3109/00016488309132884 -
Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) 2016
Topics: Adult; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuroimaging; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases; Pupil Disorders
PubMed: 24560471
DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2013.12.017 -
Brain Research Jul 1990The distribution of the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in the pterygopalatine ganglion (PTPG) has been traced in the guinea pig by means of the HRP...
Distribution of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in the pterygopalatine ganglion in the maxillary and ophthalmic nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve; HRP and WGA-HRP study in the guinea pig.
The distribution of the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in the pterygopalatine ganglion (PTPG) has been traced in the guinea pig by means of the HRP and WGA-HRP methods. The greatest number of labeled cells were observed when WGA-HRP was injected in the lacrimal gland. After applying HRP to all the ramifications of the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve, labeled neurons were found in the PTPG. Numerous PTPG fibers were detected in the ethmoidal and sphenopalatine nerves. The presence of PTPG fibers in the supraorbital, infratrochlear, zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial-inferior palpebral, sphenopalatine and infraorbital-superior alveolar nerves has not hitherto been reported in mammals.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Female; Ganglia, Parasympathetic; Guinea Pigs; Horseradish Peroxidase; Maxillary Nerve; Ophthalmic Nerve; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Wheat Germ Agglutinins
PubMed: 1699636
DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91478-y -
Neurochemistry International Jul 2010Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders associated to changes in alpha-synuclein often result in autonomic dysfunction, most of the time accompanied by...
Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders associated to changes in alpha-synuclein often result in autonomic dysfunction, most of the time accompanied by abundant expression of this synaptic protein in peripheral autonomic neurons. Given that expression of alpha-synuclein in vascular elements has been previously reported, the present study was undertaken to determine whether alpha-synuclein directly participates in the regulation of vascular responsiveness. We detected by immunohistochemistry perivascular nerve fibers containing alpha-synuclein in the aorta of mice while aortic endothelial cells and muscular fibers themselves did not exhibit detectable levels of this protein. To assess the effect of alpha-synuclein on vascular reactivity, aortic ring preparations obtained from alpha-synuclein-deficient knockout mice and from transgenic mice overexpressing human wild-type alpha-synuclein under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase-promoter were mounted and equilibrated in organ baths for isometric tension recording. Lack of alpha-synuclein did not modify the relaxant responses to the endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators, but resulted in a greater than normal norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction along with a lowered response to dopamine, suggesting potential presynaptic changes in dopamine and norepinephrine releases in knockout mice. Overexpression of alpha-synuclein in TH-positive fibers resulted in complex abnormal responses, characterized by lowered acetylcholine-induced relaxation and lowered norepinephrin-induced contraction. Taken together, our data show for the first time that alpha-synuclein is present in sympathetic fibers supplying the murine aorta and provide evidence that changes in alpha-synuclein levels in perivascular fibers play a physiological role in the regulation of vascular function.
Topics: Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Endothelial Cells; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Parkinson Disease; Presynaptic Terminals; Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic; Vasoconstriction; alpha-Synuclein
PubMed: 20420875
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.04.011 -
Evidence for bilateral vagal innervation of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in chicken heart.Journal of Neural Transmission 1983Stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves caused an output of acetylcholine (ACh) from the isolated chicken heart, which almost exclusively was released from the...
Stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves caused an output of acetylcholine (ACh) from the isolated chicken heart, which almost exclusively was released from the postganglionic neurons: (+)-tubocurarine (3 X 10(-14) M) reduced the output to 12 +/- 6% (n = 7) of the control. Stimulation of the two nerve trunks ws equally effective in releasing ACh.--Evidence that a large number of postganglionic neurons receives bilateral innervation was based on two experimental series. (1). The sum of the ACh outputs evoked by unilateral (separate) nerve stimulation of the right and the left vagus was higher than the bilaterally evoked output (100%) and increased with increasing frequencies (10, 20 and 40 Hz) from 115 +/- 13% to 131 +/- 9% (n = 13). In the presence of 10(-4) M 4-aminopyridine, unilaterally evoked output (40 Hz) was further increased from 131 to 176 +/- 5% (n = 21).--(2.) In the presence of 4-aminopyridine plus hemicholinium-3 (2 X 10(-5) M), unilateral nerve stimulation at 40 Hz evoked an output of ACh that decreased from 477 to 79 pmol g-1 min-1 during a 20 min-period of stimulation due to transmitter depletion. Thereafter output of ACh evoked by stimulation of the contralateral nerve was reduced by 73% as compared to the control value (475 pmol g-1 min-1; output without the preceding 20 min-stimulation).--It is concluded that a large number of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons of the chicken heart receives a dual excitatory input from both right and left vagus nerve.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Chickens; Electric Stimulation; Functional Laterality; Heart; Neurons; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 6864211
DOI: 10.1007/BF01243281 -
Muscle & Nerve Feb 1990Little quantitative information is available on the effects of age on peripheral autonomic function. We studied the effect of age on the heart rate (HR) responses to...
Little quantitative information is available on the effects of age on peripheral autonomic function. We studied the effect of age on the heart rate (HR) responses to deep breathing and the Valsalva maneuver in 122 and 155 subjects, respectively, aged 10 to 83 years. The quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) was determined in 114 subjects in the same age group. The HR responses were not different between the sexes, but a consistently significant regression with age was demonstrated in response to deep breathing and the Valsalva ratio. The QSART responses were significantly larger in male subjects and were generally lower in older subjects of both sexes but a significant negative regression with age was found only in female subjects. Cardiac vagal function is impaired with age, but postganglionic sympathetic function is little affected by age, suggesting selectivity of effects of aging on autonomic function.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Autonomic Nervous System; Axons; Child; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Heart; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiration; Sex Factors; Valsalva Maneuver
PubMed: 2314419
DOI: 10.1002/mus.880130212 -
Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital Apr 1963
Topics: Humans; Norepinephrine; Patient Discharge; Sympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 14017110
DOI: No ID Found -
Archivum Histologicum Japonicum = Nihon... 1977In the sympathetic ganglia of various anuran species clusters of small granule-containing cells (GC cells) appeared more often in the 5th to 7th paravertebral granglia... (Review)
Review
In the sympathetic ganglia of various anuran species clusters of small granule-containing cells (GC cells) appeared more often in the 5th to 7th paravertebral granglia rather than in the 9th and 10th ganglia of the sympathetic chain. The GC cells were classified into four types according to the granular vesicle morphology. Types I, II and III cells probably acted as endocrine cells which secrete catecholamines into blood capillaries or extracellular spaces. Type IV cells, however, resembled sympathetic ganglion cells. They seemed to be a special type of postganglionic adrenergic neuron rather than a type of interneuron. All these four cell types received cholinergic innervations. Ganglion cells in the anuran sympathetic ganglia formed no synapses with the adrenergic elements or the GC cells. Hence, it was unlikely that s-IPSP was mediated by catecholamines released from GC cells. Serial section studies revealed that both B- and C-neurons received only cholinergic innervation. A mechanism of s-IPSP production was discussed in correlation with the morphological findings.
Topics: Adrenergic Fibers; Animals; Anura; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Catecholamines; Cytoplasmic Granules; Ganglia, Autonomic
PubMed: 354579
DOI: 10.1679/aohc1950.40.supplement_177 -
Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of... Jul 1984Activity in postganglionic neurones supplying skeletal muscle and hairy skin of the cat hindlimb was measured after single and repetitive stimulation of preganglionic...
Activity in postganglionic neurones supplying skeletal muscle and hairy skin of the cat hindlimb was measured after single and repetitive stimulation of preganglionic axons in the lumbar sympathetic trunk at variable stimulation strengths. Simultaneously the compound action potentials were measured in one of the lumbar white rami L2 or L3. Early short latency ("nicotinic") responses were obtained in the postganglionic neurones when preganglionic axons conducting at 8.9 +/- 3.44 m/s (n = 12) or less were stimulated. Late, long-latency non-nicotinic responses were elicited in the postganglionic neurones when preganglionic axons conducting at 1.52 +/- 0.94 m/s (n = 12) or less were stimulated.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Axons; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Muscles
PubMed: 6473084
DOI: 10.1007/BF00582603