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The Journal of Comparative Neurology Jun 1984Anatomical and electrophysiological experiments have demonstrated a prominent projection from the sacral sympathetic chain via the pelvic nerve to postganglionic nerves...
A sympathetic projection from sacral paravertebral ganglia to the pelvic nerve and to postganglionic nerves on the surface of the urinary bladder and large intestine of the cat.
Anatomical and electrophysiological experiments have demonstrated a prominent projection from the sacral sympathetic chain via the pelvic nerve to postganglionic nerves on the surface of the urinary bladder and the large intestine of the cat. Retrograde labeling studies revealed that the pelvic nerve, which is generally believed to carry primarily parasympathetic axons, has a considerable population of sympathetic fibers originating mainly from the S1-S3 paravertebral ganglia. The number of sympathetic neurons projecting to the pelvic nerve (2,100) was about 75% of that projecting to the pudendal nerve (2,900), a somatic nerve which would be expected to carry a large sympathetic fiber constituent. Sympathetic neurons projecting to the pudendal nerve were located primarily in the L6-S2 ganglia. Electrophysiological studies confirmed the presence of a sympathetic pathway from the paravertebral ganglia to the pelvic viscera. Electrical stimulation (thresholds 1.5-3 V) of the lumbar sympathetic chain evoked firing in the pelvic nerve and in postganglionic nerves on the surface of the colon and bladder at latencies of 60-150 msec. The responses were unaffected by cutting the chain one segment rostral to the site of stimulation, but were abolished by the administration of a ganglionic-blocking agent (tetraethylammonium). The responses on the colon and bladder postganglionic nerves were also abolished by transection of the pelvic nerve. The conduction velocity in the sympathetic postganglionic axons was approximately 1 m/second. In summary, these studies indicate that the pelvic nerve, like somatic nerves, receives a prominent projection from the sympathetic chain ganglia. The function of this sympathetic paravertebral pathway and its relationship with prevertebral innervation of the pelvic organs remains to be established.
Topics: Adrenergic Fibers; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Axons; Cats; Colon; Female; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neural Conduction; Neurons; Sympathetic Nervous System; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 6736296
DOI: 10.1002/cne.902260106 -
American Journal of Physiology. Cell... Jan 2014Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by decreased cardiac parasympathetic and increased cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. This autonomic imbalance increases...
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by decreased cardiac parasympathetic and increased cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. This autonomic imbalance increases the risk of arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with CHF. We hypothesized that the molecular and cellular alterations of cardiac postganglionic parasympathetic (CPP) neurons located in the intracardiac ganglia and sympathetic (CPS) neurons located in the stellate ganglia (SG) possibly link to the cardiac autonomic imbalance in CHF. Rat CHF was induced by left coronary artery ligation. Single-cell real-time PCR and immunofluorescent data showed that L (Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3), P/Q (Ca(v)2.1), N (Ca(v)2.2), and R (Ca(v)2.3) types of Ca2+ channels were expressed in CPP and CPS neurons, but CHF decreased the mRNA and protein expression of only the N-type Ca2+ channels in CPP neurons, and it did not affect mRNA and protein expression of all Ca2+ channel subtypes in the CPS neurons. Patch-clamp recording confirmed that CHF reduced N-type Ca2+ currents and cell excitability in the CPP neurons and enhanced N-type Ca2+ currents and cell excitability in the CPS neurons. N-type Ca2+ channel blocker (1 μM ω-conotoxin GVIA) lowered Ca2+ currents and cell excitability in the CPP and CPS neurons from sham-operated and CHF rats. These results suggest that CHF reduces the N-type Ca2+ channel currents and cell excitability in the CPP neurons and enhances the N-type Ca2+ currents and cell excitability in the CPS neurons, which may contribute to the cardiac autonomic imbalance in CHF.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels, N-Type; Cells, Cultured; Heart Failure; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stellate Ganglion
PubMed: 24025863
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00223.2013 -
Artificial Organs Jun 1991In order to evaluate the effect of ventricular assist device (VAD) driving on the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic neurograms during left ventricular (LV)...
In order to evaluate the effect of ventricular assist device (VAD) driving on the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic neurograms during left ventricular (LV) assistance were analyzed by power spectrum and coherence function. Our TH-7B pneumatically-driven sac-type VAD was used in seven adult mongrel dogs. VADs were inserted between the left atrium and the descending aorta. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) was detected by use of bipolar electrodes attached to the left renal sympathetic nerve via a retroperitoneal approach. Values of squared coherence between the arterial pulse wave and RSNA were measured at the same frequency of cardiac and VAD pumping rhythms. During LV assistance, coherence at the cardiac rhythm frequency was decreased, and coherence at the VAD pumping rhythm frequency was increased. These results indicate that the arterial pulse wave, which was produced by the VAD assistance, contributed to postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Dogs; Female; Heart Rate; Heart-Assist Devices; Kidney; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Pressoreceptors; Reflex; Sympathetic Nervous System; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 1651074
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1991.tb03041.x -
Clinical Autonomic Research : Official... Dec 1998Fifteen tests were used to assess adrenergic, non-vagal cholinergic, and cardiovagal functions in 11 patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP). The three... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Fifteen tests were used to assess adrenergic, non-vagal cholinergic, and cardiovagal functions in 11 patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP). The three aims of this study were: 1) to ascertain the presence of and spectrum of autonomic involvement; 2) to assess the level of autonomic dysfunction; and 3) to compare the results of autonomic function tests with gastrointestinal motility patterns. Gastrointestinal motility displayed a neuropathic pattern in 10 patients. Adrenergic functions were abnormal in nine patients and non-vagal cholinergic functions in 10 patients. Cardiovagal functions were abnormal in only seven patients. The autonomic dysfunction was localized mostly to the postganglionic pathways. One patient, who had a myopathic pattern and muscle degeneration on small bowel biopsy, demonstrated normal responses to autonomic function tests. The patients with neuropathic CIP demonstrated widespread, mostly postganglionic autonomic dysfunction. Neuropathic CIP can occur with or without cardiovagal involvement.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adult; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Chronic Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction; Male; Middle Aged; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 9869551
DOI: 10.1007/BF02309624 -
Experimental Neurology Jan 2010Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a pain disorder involving the somatosensory, the somatomotor and the sympathetic nervous systems. Based on experiments conducted...
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a pain disorder involving the somatosensory, the somatomotor and the sympathetic nervous systems. Based on experiments conducted by Bove (2009), it is suggested that changes in impulse activity in small-diameter afferents and postganglionic axons generated by neuritis can contribute to signs of early CRPS. The potential mechanisms involved are discussed. These mechanisms include the possibility that CRPS, a disorder of the central nervous system, may be caused by a nerve inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Axons; Complex Regional Pain Syndromes; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Neuritis; Neurons; Rats
PubMed: 19799902
DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.023 -
International Anesthesiology Clinics 1971
Review
Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Axons; Binding Sites; Brain; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Depression, Chemical; Electric Stimulation; Ganglia, Autonomic; Guinea Pigs; Ileum; In Vitro Techniques; Neural Conduction; Neuromuscular Junction; Neurons; Reticular Formation; Spinal Cord; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 4376802
DOI: 10.1097/00004311-197100930-00004 -
PloS One 2014Cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration and dysautonomia affect patients with sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and are currently proposed as prodromal signs...
Cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration and dysautonomia affect patients with sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and are currently proposed as prodromal signs of PD. We have recently developed a nonhuman primate model of cardiac dysautonomia by iv 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Our in vivo findings included decreased cardiac uptake of a sympathetic radioligand and circulating catecholamines; here we report the postmortem characterization of the model. Ten adult rhesus monkeys (5-17 yrs old) were used in this study. Five animals received 6-OHDA (50 mg/kg i.v.) and five were age-matched controls. Three months post-neurotoxin the animals were euthanized; hearts and adrenal glands were processed for immunohistochemistry. Quantification of immunoreactivity (ir) of stainings was performed by an investigator blind to the treatment group using NIH ImageJ software (for cardiac bundles and adrenals, area above threshold and optical density) and MBF StereoInvestigator (for cardiac fibers, area fraction fractionator probe). Sympathetic cardiac nerve bundle analysis and fiber area density showed a significant reduction in global cardiac tyrosine hydroxylase-ir (TH; catecholaminergic marker) in 6-OHDA animals compared to controls. Quantification of protein gene protein 9.5 (pan-neuronal marker) positive cardiac fibers showed a significant deficit in 6-OHDA monkeys compared to controls and correlated with TH-ir fiber area. Semi-quantitative evaluation of human leukocyte antigen-ir (inflammatory marker) and nitrotyrosine-ir (oxidative stress marker) did not show significant changes 3 months post-neurotoxin. Cardiac nerve bundle α-synuclein-ir (presynaptic protein) was reduced (trend) in 6-OHDA treated monkeys; insoluble proteinase-K resistant α-synuclein (typical of PD pathology) was not observed. In the adrenal medulla, 6-OHDA monkeys had significantly reduced TH-ir and aminoacid decarboxylase-ir. Our results confirm that systemic 6-OHDA dosing to nonhuman primates induces cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration and loss of catecholaminergic enzymes in the adrenal medulla, and suggests that this model can be used as a platform to evaluate disease-modifying strategies aiming to induce peripheral neuroprotection.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Chromaffin Cells; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Heart; Macaca mulatta; Male; Myocardium; Nerve Degeneration; Oxidopamine; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Sympathectomy; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; alpha-Synuclein
PubMed: 25133405
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104850 -
Journal of Anatomy Apr 2007The anatomy of the extrinsic innervation of the avian magnum has not been accurately demonstrated previously. In the present study, choleratoxin subunit B-conjugated...
The anatomy of the extrinsic innervation of the avian magnum has not been accurately demonstrated previously. In the present study, choleratoxin subunit B-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (CB-HRP) was used as a retrograde tracer to determine the sympathetic postganglionic and sensory innervation of the magnum of hens. With regard to the sympathetic postganglionic innervation, following CB-HRP injections under the serosa of the magnum, CB-HRP-positive neurons were found bilaterally in the C12-LS13 ganglia of the sympathetic chain, splanchnic ganglia and adrenal ganglia. The number of labelled neurons in the left ganglia of the sympathetic chain and splanchnic ganglia was approximately 2.1 times that in the right ganglia. This suggests that the unilateral magnum is bilaterally innervated with sympathetic postganglionic nerves, the left nerves being predominant. With regard to the sensory innervation, following tracer injections, CB-HRP-positive neurons were found bilaterally in the spinal ganglia C13-LS12, jugular ganglia and nodose ganglia. The number of positive cells in the left ganglia was about 2.2 times that in the right ganglia. In the spinal ganglia, 85.6% of the labelled neurons were in the T5-LS2 and LS8-LS11 ganglia. These results suggest that the sensory nerve fibres of the magnum reach the central nervous system principally via two groups of spinal ganglia and vagus nerves, and that the innervation is bilateral although the left-hand route predominates. Moreover, 45.7% of all the CB-HRP-labelled neurons were found in the rectal region of the intestinal nerve of Remak (INR), which suggests that the INR plays a very important role in the functional regulation of the magnum.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Chickens; Cholera Toxin; Coloring Agents; Female; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Oviducts; Spinal Cord; Staining and Labeling; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 17328711
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00706.x -
Archives of Otolaryngology (Chicago,... Jan 1974
Review
Topics: Accessory Nerve; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Autonomic Nervous System; Cats; Denervation; Dogs; Facial Expression; Facial Muscles; Facial Nerve; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Macaca; Motor Neurons; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Pathways; Neurons, Afferent; Neurons, Efferent; Rabbits; Reflex; Sensory Receptor Cells; Trigeminal Nerve
PubMed: 4203178
DOI: 10.1001/archotol.1974.00780030038007 -
Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System Oct 1988The localization of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating the cardiac coronary arteries of the cat was investigated using retrograde axonal transport with...
The localization of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating the cardiac coronary arteries of the cat was investigated using retrograde axonal transport with horseradish peroxidase. We found after the enzyme was applied to the main trunk of the right coronary artery, and to the main trunk and the terminal branch of the ventral descending vessels of the left coronary artery, the peroxidase-labeled sympathetic neurons were localized predominantly in the right stellate ganglia, with a few cells in the left stellate ganglia. There were very few labeled cells in the middle cervical, superior cervical, and T4-7 ganglia on both sides. After peroxidase application to the terminal branch of the dorsal descending vessels of the right coronary artery, labeled cells were mainly in the left stellate ganglia, with only a few cells in the right stellate ganglia.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Cats; Coronary Vessels; Female; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Horseradish Peroxidase; Male; Neurons; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 3209806
DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(88)90121-x