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Neuroscience Feb 1982To determine the time course of development of neurotransmission in the sympathetic ganglion of the rat, pre- and postganglionic activity was recorded from the cervical...
To determine the time course of development of neurotransmission in the sympathetic ganglion of the rat, pre- and postganglionic activity was recorded from the cervical sympathetic trunk in anesthetized neonatal and mature preparations. Tonic activity and responses to two stimuli, cellular hypoglycemia induced by 2-deoxyglucose and asphyxia, which are known to evoke CNS-mediated sympathetic activation in mature rats were measured. In 2-11-day-old neonates, tonic preganglionic activity recorded from the cervical sympathetic nerve and responses to hypoglycemia and asphyxia were comparable to or greater than that in mature rats. In 17-19-day-old neonates these variables were elevated to twice the adult value. In contrast, tonic postganglionic activity recorded from the internal carotid nerve was barely detectable through 5 days of age and there was no response to hypoglycemia. During asphyxia, maximum postganglionic impulse frequency and total number of impulses discharged were 10-20% of the mature value through the 5th postnatal day and the duration of the postganglionic response was only 25% of the preganglionic response. Tonic postganglionic activity and response to stimuli were equivalent to those in mature rats by the 10th postnatal day. The compound action potential evoked in the postganglionic axons by direct electrical stimulation was comparable in 4-5 and 10-13 day-old rats. In the concluded that functional ganglionic neurotransmission is established in the neonatal rat between the 5th and 10th postnatal day. The relation between biochemical changes associated with maturation of the postganglionic neuron, ganglionic synaptogenisis and neurotransmission is discussed. It is concluded that synaptogenisis and onset of neurotransmission are causally associated with development of CNS regulation of postganglionic activity and end organ response rather than with maturation of the postganglionic neuron and that cholinergic excitation of the postganglionic neuron adequate to evoke action potentials is not essential to initiate maturation of the neuron.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Asphyxia; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Deoxy Sugars; Deoxyglucose; Evoked Potentials; Female; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 6281684
DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90283-4 -
Circulation Oct 1986Postganglionic stimulation of vagal terminals (PGVS) in the isolated rabbit heart atrioventricular (AV) node was used to study the effects of cholinergic influence on AV...
Postganglionic stimulation of vagal terminals (PGVS) in the isolated rabbit heart atrioventricular (AV) node was used to study the effects of cholinergic influence on AV nodal conduction. Standard microelectrode techniques were used to record action potentials, predominantly from cells located in the N region of the AV node. In addition, programmed stimulation was used in conjunction with PGVS to initiate or terminate AVN reentry. The introduction of a single short burst of PGVS (total duration 50 to 100 msec, impulse duration 1 msec, and interimpulse interval 6 msec) with subthreshold amplitude for AV node fibers caused reproducible disorganization of the prevailing excitation front. This was manifest as local nonuniform depression of conduction, hump formations in the action potentials, and alteration in the sequence of depolarization. The introduction of repetitive bursts of PGVS revealed a triphasic time course of changes in AV nodal conduction time, representing initial maximal prolongation, relative shortening, and secondary inhibition. It was found that these phases corresponded to vagally induced initial disorganization and a subsequent rebound process. Vagally induced disorganization of the sequence of action potential depolarization was also a triggering mechanism for concealed as well as manifest AV nodal reentry. In the latter case the reentry circuit usually involved the AN region and perinodal atrial tissue. PGVS-induced depression of the N region was also able to block the retrograde wavefront, thereby terminating reentry. The possible relationship of PGVS-induced disorganization of conduction and the inhomogeneous structure of AV node are discussed. The present results provide additional information for better understanding of the AV nodal conduction abnormalities observed clinically and particularly those related to AV node-vagus interaction.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Atrioventricular Node; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Electric Stimulation; Heart Conduction System; Membrane Potentials; Rabbits; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 3757195
DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.74.4.869 -
Annals of Neurology Nov 1977Two patients with the symmetrical ophthalmoplegic variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (Fisher's syndrome) developed bilateral dilated pupils with cholinergic...
Two patients with the symmetrical ophthalmoplegic variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (Fisher's syndrome) developed bilateral dilated pupils with cholinergic supersensitivity and light-near dissociation (tonic pupils), indicating involvement of the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron within the orbit. Supranuclear eye movement dysfunction also was present, indicated by relative levator sparing in both patients and by preservation of Bell's phenomenon in 1 patient despite paralysis of voluntary upward gaze. The lesions that produce the eye signs of ophthalmoplegic polyneuritis are not necessarily restricted to the cranial nerve trunks. The present cases support a relationship between the ophthalmoplegic variant of the Guillain-Barré syndrome and acute postinfectious encephalomyelitis (brainstem encephalitis) on the one hand, and idiopathic autonomic neuropathies such as the Holmes-Adie syndrome and pandysautonomia on the other.
Topics: Adult; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Denervation; Eye Movements; Facial Paralysis; Female; Humans; Male; Ophthalmoplegia; Polyradiculoneuropathy; Reflex, Abnormal; Reflex, Pupillary
PubMed: 617578
DOI: 10.1002/ana.410020508 -
Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan [Progress in... Jul 1985
Review
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Chemoreceptor Cells; Hypertension; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Renin
PubMed: 3911393
DOI: No ID Found -
Neuroscience Jul 1993Galanin is a 29-amino acid neuropeptide found in rat spinal cord, autonomic ganglia and gastrointestinal tract, as well as in other areas of the nervous system in rats...
Galanin is a 29-amino acid neuropeptide found in rat spinal cord, autonomic ganglia and gastrointestinal tract, as well as in other areas of the nervous system in rats and other species. As part of an overall objective to determine if peptides contribute to target-specific control of visceral function, this study was designed to determine the percentages of populations of renal and splenic postganglionic neurons that contain galanin, and to determine if these neurons were likely to be adrenergic. Retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes were placed on renal and splenic nerves in male Wistar rats anaesthetized with sodium pento-barbital. Four days post-operatively, rats were perfused transcardially with fixative, and T12-L1 thoracolumbar chain ganglia, splanchnic ganglia and the solar plexus were removed. Immunocytochemical methods were then used to determine the proportions of the retrogradely labelled renal and splenic neurons containing galanin-like immunoreactivity and dopamine beta hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity. In seven rats, 24 +/- 3% of 2838 renal neurons were found to contain galanin-like immunoreactivity; in six rats, 32 +/- 5% of 5102 splenic neurons were found to contain galanin-like immunoreactivity. These proportions of the two populations were not significantly different from one another. In three rats, 94 +/- 2% of 684 renal neurons were found to contain dopamine beta hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity, and 95 +/- 2% of 2597 splenic neurons in three rats also showed dopamine beta hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity. These experiments indicate that subpopulations of both renal and splenic postganglionic sympathetic neurons contain the neuropeptide galanin and that these neurons are likely to be adrenergic in function. These findings suggest a role for galanin in control of the kidney and the spleen by the sympathetic nervous system.
Topics: Adrenergic Fibers; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Celiac Plexus; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Galanin; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Kidney; Male; Nerve Crush; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Peptides; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spleen; Stilbamidines; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 7688881
DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90470-z -
Neuroscience Jan 1982The left superior cervical ganglion of 3- or 23-day-old rats was subjected to pre- and/or postganglionic nerve division or sham operation, while the right ganglion was...
Effect of pre- and postganglionic nerve divisions on normal postnatal and hydrocortisone-induced development of small intensely fluorescent cells in rat superior cervical ganglion.
The left superior cervical ganglion of 3- or 23-day-old rats was subjected to pre- and/or postganglionic nerve division or sham operation, while the right ganglion was left intact. The animals were killed 20 or 60 days after the operation. Some animals were injected with 20 mg/kg hydrocortisone daily for 7 days and killed on the 8th day. Fluorescence microscopical examination revealed a normal postnatal increase in the number of small intensely fluorescent cells/ganglion after pre- or postganglionic nerve division, in spite of marked decreases in the volume of the operated ganglia. Combined pre- and postganglionic nerve division, which caused a dramatic loss of ganglion volume, entirely prevented the postnatal increase in the number of small intensely fluorescent cells. Hydrocortisone caused a large increase in the number of small intensely fluorescent cells both in intact and operated ganglia, including those in whom both pre- and postganglionic nerves had been divided. It is concluded that combined pre- and postganglionic denervation, in contrast to either operation alone, prevents the normal proliferation of the small intensely fluorescent cells possibly by causing an extensive loss of principal nerve cells which deprives the small intensely fluorescent cells of their normal contacts with the principal cells. Since the increase in the number of small intensely fluorescent cells due to hydrocortisone injections was not prevented by pre- and postganglionic denervation it must be due to a mechanism different from that responsible for the formation of small intensely fluorescent cells during normal postnatal development.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Cell Count; Cell Differentiation; Denervation; Female; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Hydrocortisone; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains
PubMed: 7078729
DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90153-1 -
Experimental Neurology Nov 1975
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic; Blood Pressure; Columbidae; Conditioning, Psychological; Evoked Potentials; Ganglia, Autonomic; Heart Rate; Neural Pathways; Peripheral Nerves; Reflex, Oculocardiac; Spinal Cord; Spinal Nerve Roots; Time Factors
PubMed: 1193200
DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(75)90102-8 -
Clinical Science (London, England :... Dec 19811. Experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of converting enzyme inhibitors on autonomic nervous system function in the rat. 2. Arterial blood pressure, heart...
1. Experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of converting enzyme inhibitors on autonomic nervous system function in the rat. 2. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, efferent postganglionic sympathetic activity and afferent nerve activity from the right renal nerves were recorded in anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing, non diuretic rats, either with an intact spinal cord or with a spinal cord transected at the T6 level, before, during and after intravenous injections of 0.5--1.0 mg/kg of teprotide or captopril. 3. After injection of drugs, efferent sympathetic nerve activity markedly increased and reached its peak value 4 min later, both in rats with an intact spinal cord (101 +/- 21% mean +/- SE, above the control discharge) and with a spinal cord transected at the T6 level (166 +/- 41%, above the control). 4. Afferent activity from the renal nerve, on the other hand, did not consistently change during converting enzyme blockade. 5. The results indicate that the efferent sympathetic excitation cannot be due either to a baroreceptor or to a renorenal reflex. This excitation might be responsible, at least in part, for the increase in renin secretion which follows the blockade of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Topics: Adrenergic Fibers; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Captopril; Efferent Pathways; Evoked Potentials; Hemodynamics; Kidney; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Teprotide
PubMed: 6172234
DOI: 10.1042/cs061223s -
Neuroscience Letters Jun 1993Physiological and histochemical studies have suggested that the limb veins are innervated by sympathetic adrenergic fibers. In the present experiment, horseradish...
Physiological and histochemical studies have suggested that the limb veins are innervated by sympathetic adrenergic fibers. In the present experiment, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a retrograde tracer to identify and localize the sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate the femoral-saphenous vein in cats. In anesthetized cats, HRP was applied perivascularly on a femoral and a saphenous vein segment (4-8 mm in length for each segment) to allow uptake into the nerve endings. The sympathetic chains on both sides were dissected after the animal was sacrificed and fixed 60 h following the HRP application. Histological examination on serial section was done to count the HRP-labeled neurons in each sympathetic ganglion from L1 to S1. In 10 cats, the total number of HRP neurons amounted to 8569. Most neurons arose from L3 (47%) and then L4 (31%). The number of neurons became progressively decreasing towards both ends of the sympathetic chain. Few neurons (less than 2% of the total) were discovered in the contralateral sympathetic ganglia. In each ganglion, the distribution of HRP neurons appeared to be scattering. Our findings provide anatomical evidence to support that the femoral-saphenous vein of the cat was innervated by the sympathetic efferent fibers. The main origins of these neurons are the third and fourth lumbar sympathetic ganglia.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Cats; Femoral Vein; Ganglia, Spinal; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Horseradish Peroxidase; Neurons; Saphenous Vein
PubMed: 8377942
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90692-e -
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of... Nov 1990Rabbit atria were isolated with the extrinsic right vagus and sympathetic nerves intact and perfused with Tyrode solution. Noradrenaline overflow evoked by sympathetic...
Rabbit atria were isolated with the extrinsic right vagus and sympathetic nerves intact and perfused with Tyrode solution. Noradrenaline overflow evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) at 3 Hz for 3 min was determined before, during, and after vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), also at 3 Hz and for 3 min. The VNS pulses preceded the SNS pulses by 3, 100 and 233 ms. Acetylcholine overflow was determined after labelling of the transmitter stores with [14C]choline. Pirenzepine 80 nmol/l failed to alter the muscarinic inhibition of noradrenaline overflow when the vago-sympathetic impulse intervals were 3 and 233 ms. At an interval of 100 ms VNS did not significantly inhibit noradrenaline overflow in the absence of pirenzepine but produced an inhibition in the presence of the drug. When the pirenzepine concentration was varied (0.4-300 nmol/l) the largest inhibition of noradrenaline overflow was observed at 5.7 nmol/l whereas 300 nmol/l fully antagonized the inhibition. Acetylcholine overflow evoked by VNS was not altered by pirenzepine 0.4-300 nmol/l. AF-DX 116 (11-[(2[(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl)-acetyl]-5, 11-dihydro-6H-pyrido-[2,3-b]-[1,4]benzodiazepine-6-one), an M2 receptor selective antagonist, concentration-dependently (100-800 nmol/l) inhibited the decrease of tension development elicited by VNS. At the 100 ms vago-sympathetic impulse interval noradrenaline overflow was enhanced in the presence of AF-DX 116 400 and 800 nmol/l. However, already 100 nmol/l of the drug caused a maximum (fourfold) increase of acetylcholine overflow. It is concluded that acetylcholine released onto noradrenergic nerve fibres causes a small facilitation of noradrenaline overflow at a vago-sympathetic impulse interval of 100 ms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic; Carbon Radioisotopes; Electric Stimulation; Female; Heart; Male; Norepinephrine; Pirenzepine; Rabbits; Reaction Time; Receptors, Muscarinic; Sympathetic Nervous System; Synaptosomes; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 2090950
DOI: 10.1007/BF00169033