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Journal of Preventive Medicine and... May 2023Young mothers are vulnerable to postpartum depression due to role transition-related stress. Understanding the causes underlying these stressors is essential for...
OBJECTIVES
Young mothers are vulnerable to postpartum depression due to role transition-related stress. Understanding the causes underlying these stressors is essential for developing effective interventions.
METHODS
This study analyzed the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research data. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess postpartum depression symptoms in mothers aged 15-24 years with infants aged 0-6 months. In 1285 subjects, the risk factors for postpartum depression were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of depression in the 6 months postpartum was 4.0%, with a higher prevalence in urban areas (5.7%) than in rural areas (2.9%). Urban and rural young mothers showed distinct postpartum depression risk factors. In urban areas, living without a husband (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 11.76), experiencing preterm birth (OR, 4.67; 95% CI, 1.50 to 14.50), having pregnancy complications (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.20 to 7.66), and having postpartum complications (OR, 5.23; 95% CI, 1.98 to 13.80) were associated with a higher risk of postpartum depression. In rural areas, postpartum depression was significantly associated with a smaller household size (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.00 to 10.38), unwanted pregnancy (OR, 4.40; 95% CI, 1.15 to 16.86), and pregnancy complications (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.31 to 8.88).
CONCLUSIONS
In both urban and rural contexts, postpartum depression relates to the availability of others to accompany young mothers throughout the postpartum period and offer support with reproductive issues. Support from the family and the healthcare system is essential to young mothers' mental health. The healthcare system needs to involve families to support young mothers' mental health from pregnancy until the postpartum period.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Depression, Postpartum; Mothers; Indonesia; Premature Birth; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 37287205
DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.22.534 -
Annals of Clinical Psychiatry :... May 2019Some studies have reported a higher rate of postpartum depression in African American vs White women. We reviewed the literature to identify the possible factors... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Some studies have reported a higher rate of postpartum depression in African American vs White women. We reviewed the literature to identify the possible factors associated with a greater risk of postpartum depression in African American women.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature review was conducted using journal databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords used in the search included postpartum depression, ethnicity, and race. Using the PRISMA (Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) method for review articles, 8 studies were identified and included.
RESULTS
We identified 8 studies that met the criteria for our review. Most of the studies showed that African American and Hispanic women had a higher odds ratio of reported postpartum depression due to lack of social support, access, trust, past depression, and other factors. However, 1 study found that although African Americans are more likely to report symptoms of postpartum depression, they are less likely to seek treatment due to cultural stigma regarding mental illness.
CONCLUSIONS
The data we reviewed confirm the ethnic differences in postpartum depression. Addressing the factors involved will lead to better health outcomes for both mothers and their children.
Topics: Black or African American; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Social Stigma
PubMed: 31046035
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Public Health Jan 2021Since the last decade, postpartum depression (PPD) has been recognized as a significant public health problem, and several factors have been linked to PPD. Mothers at...
BACKGROUND
Since the last decade, postpartum depression (PPD) has been recognized as a significant public health problem, and several factors have been linked to PPD. Mothers at risk are rarely undetected and underdiagnosed. Our study aims to determine the factors leading to symptoms of depression using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. In this research, we introduced a new framework for postpartum depression modeling for women.
METHODS
We structured the model of this research to take into consideration the Malaysian culture in particular. A total of 387 postpartum women have completed the questionnaire. The symptoms of postpartum depression were examined using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and they act as a dependent variable in this research model.
RESULTS
Four hundred fifty mothers were invited to participate in this research. 86% of the total distributed questionnaire received feedback. The majority of 79.6% of respondents were having depression symptoms. The highest coefficients of factor loading analysis obtained in every latent variable indicator were income (β = 0.77), screen time (β = 0.83), chips (β = 0.85), and anxiety (β = 0.88). Lifestyle, unhealthy food, and BMI variables were directly affected by the dependent variable. Based on the output, respondents with a high level of depression symptoms tended to consume more unhealthy food and had a high level of body mass indexes (BMI). The highest significant impact on depression level among postpartum women was unhealthy food consumption. Based on our model, the findings indicated that 76% of the variances stemmed from a variety of factors: socio-demographics, lifestyle, healthy food, unhealthy food, and BMI. The strength of the exogenous and endogenous variables in this research framework is strong.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of postpartum women with depression symptoms in this study is considerably high. It is, therefore, imperative that postpartum women seek medical help to prevent postpartum depressive symptoms from worsening.
Topics: Depression; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Mothers; Postpartum Period; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33499833
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09999-2 -
Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey May 2012This review article aims to define and characterize postpartum depression; to discuss the social, financial, regulatory and legal implications of the disorder; and to... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
This review article aims to define and characterize postpartum depression; to discuss the social, financial, regulatory and legal implications of the disorder; and to elucidate its impact on special groups, namely adolescents, immigrants, fathers, and those of different racial and ethnic groups. A MEDLINE review of the current literature was run on postpartum depression, using the key words postpartum depression, depression, pregnancy, peripartum, or postpartum, from the years 2000 to 2011. Postpartum depressive syndromes place women and their children at risk of suicide and infanticide if not appropriately diagnosed and treated. Screening should occur within 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. Women with a history of depression before or during pregnancy, adolescents, those with low incomes and poor social support, or with a history of substance abuse, are especially at high risk. Treatments include antidepressants and psychotherapy. The unique populations of adolescents, fathers, immigrants, and certain racial and ethnic groups require special consideration in terms of diagnosis, screening modalities, and treatment. Collaboration between obstetrical providers and behavioral health professionals can ensure improved outcomes. It was found that postpartum depression is a challenging diagnosis and may be difficult to treat. A multidisciplinary approach is warranted to prevent life-threatening consequences in mothers and their children.
TARGET AUDIENCE
Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After participating in this activity, physicians should be better able to diagnose postpartum depression and to analyze the social, financial, regulatory and legal implications of the disorder; and to evaluate its impact on special groups, namely adolescents, immigrants, fathers, and those of different racial and ethnic groups.
Topics: Adolescent; Confidentiality; Depression, Postpartum; Emigrants and Immigrants; Fathers; Female; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; Humans; Insurance, Health; Mass Screening; Psychology, Adolescent; United States
PubMed: 22624779
DOI: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318259cb52 -
Current Psychiatry Reports Oct 2015The nosology of postpartum depression (PPD) is controversial. We review the evidence and arguments for and against the recognition of PPD as a distinct disorder and... (Review)
Review
The nosology of postpartum depression (PPD) is controversial. We review the evidence and arguments for and against the recognition of PPD as a distinct disorder and discuss the etiopathogenic and diagnostic validity of PPD as a distinct disorder, including its utility and indications for further research. Although multiple epidemiological and clinical studies have found that depression is more common following childbirth than at other times in a woman's life, there is conflicting evidence for the validity of PPD as a distinct disorder. PPD is likely to be a complex phenotype, encompassing several disorders with different disease pathways. It is plausible that for a sub-group of vulnerable women, childbirth triggers episodes of depression. However, even within this group, the mechanisms underpinning the mood disturbances are likely complex and heterogeneous. The distinction between depression occurring in the perinatal period and depression at other times is important for both research and clinical practice. Research should differentiate between episodes that begin during pregnancy and postpartum, as the pathogenetic factors involved may differ and require specialized treatment.
Topics: Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans
PubMed: 26267038
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0617-6 -
Dong Wu Xue Yan Jiu = Zoological... Jul 2016The postpartum period is when a host of changes occur at molecular, cellular, physiological and behavioral levels to prepare female humans for the challenge of... (Review)
Review
The postpartum period is when a host of changes occur at molecular, cellular, physiological and behavioral levels to prepare female humans for the challenge of maternity. Alteration or prevention of these normal adaptions is thought to contribute to disruptions of emotion regulation, motivation and cognitive abilities that underlie postpartum mental disorders, such as postpartum depression. Despite the high incidence of this disorder, and the detrimental consequences for both mother and child, its etiology and related neurobiological mechanisms remain poorly understood, partially due to the lack of appropriate animal models. In recent decades, there have been a number of attempts to model postpartum depression disorder in rats. In the present review, we first describe clinical symptoms of postpartum depression and discuss known risk factors, including both genetic and environmental factors. Thereafter, we discuss various rat models that have been developed to capture various aspects of this disorder and knowledge gained from such attempts. In doing so, we focus on the theories behind each attempt and the methods used to achieve their goals. Finally, we point out several understudied areas in this field and make suggestions for future directions.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Depression, Postpartum; Disease Models, Animal; Environment; Female; Humans; Rats; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27469254
DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.4.229 -
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology... May 2012Postpartum depression is the most common psychiatric complication of child-bearing. Despite the potentially deleterious effects of postpartum depression on the mother... (Review)
Review
Postpartum depression is the most common psychiatric complication of child-bearing. Despite the potentially deleterious effects of postpartum depression on the mother and her infant, the disorder is often unrecognized and untreated. Women may be reluctant to seek professional help because of the stigma of mental illness, or they may be unwilling to try medication because of concerns about safety during lactation. In this review of postpartum depression, we discuss its clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Breast Feeding; Depression, Postpartum; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans
PubMed: 22555136
DOI: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)35240-9 -
Autoimmunity Reviews Sep 2007Medical conditions with known etiology and typical peripartal/postpartal disease exacerbations are now, without exception, considered autoimmune in etiology. Postpartum... (Review)
Review
Medical conditions with known etiology and typical peripartal/postpartal disease exacerbations are now, without exception, considered autoimmune in etiology. Postpartum psychiatric conditions, and especially postpartum depression, currently, however, are still not understood in their etiology. This paper suggests that the typical postpartum flare pattern, and other clinical characteristics, point towards an autoimmune etiology for (postpartum) depression. The high prevalence of (postpartum) depression led to its designation as a major public health problem. A better understanding of etiology and pathophysiology would greatly advance the, currently still inaccurate, diagnosis of the condition, and improve approaches towards prevention and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Pregnancy
PubMed: 17854751
DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.04.002 -
Women's Health (London, England) May 2009Postpartum depression occurs in at least one in seven new mothers, usually within the first 6 months after delivery. By the time of onset of postpartum depression, the... (Review)
Review
Postpartum depression occurs in at least one in seven new mothers, usually within the first 6 months after delivery. By the time of onset of postpartum depression, the mother has usually long since been discharged from the maternity hospital. Early identification and treatment of these mothers reduces both maternal and infant suffering. Careful risk-benefit decision-making regarding various treatment options in the postpartum should be discussed with the mother. Risks of untreated depression include poor bonding with the infant, lack of self care, infant neglect and infanticide.
Topics: Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Decision Making; Depression, Postpartum; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Pregnancy; Risk Factors
PubMed: 19392614
DOI: 10.2217/whe.09.3 -
Ceska Gynekologie 2019To bring actual summary of knowledge about diagnostics and modern trends in therapy of postpartum depression. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To bring actual summary of knowledge about diagnostics and modern trends in therapy of postpartum depression.
DESIGN
Review.
SETTING
National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany.
METHODS
Narrative review.
RESULTS
First assessment of depressive symptoms among puerperal women can be done by screening instruments. Baby blues and postpartum psychosis must be kept in mind during the differential diagnostics of postpartum depression. Both nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions can be used for postpartum depression treatment. As for nonpharmacological interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy is the most evidence based one. Antidepressants from the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor group (SSRI) are the first choice from pharmacological interventions. Parenting support is also an important component of modern care of women with postpartum depression.
CONCLUSION
Systematic cooperation between psychiatrist and gynecologists-obstetricians is a precondition of the effective postpartum depression treatment. The therapeutic intervention is chosen according to severity of depressive symptoms.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Postpartum Period; Puerperal Disorders; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31213061
DOI: No ID Found