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American Family Physician Oct 2010
Topics: Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Postpartum Period; Psychotherapeutic Processes
PubMed: 20949887
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Nursing May 2006Postpartum depression is a crippling mood disorder, historically neglected in health care, leaving mothers to suffer in fear, confusion, and silence. Undiagnosed it can... (Review)
Review
Postpartum depression is a crippling mood disorder, historically neglected in health care, leaving mothers to suffer in fear, confusion, and silence. Undiagnosed it can adversely affect the mother-infant relationship and lead to long-term emotional problems for the child. This article differentiates postpartum depression from other postpartum mood and anxiety disorders and addresses these aspects of postpartum depression: symptoms, prevalence, risk factors, interventions, and the effects on relationships and child development. Instruments available to screen for postpartum depression are also reviewed.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Depression, Postpartum; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mass Screening; Maternal-Child Nursing; Mental Disorders; Mother-Child Relations; Pregnancy; Psychotherapy, Brief; Risk Assessment; Self-Help Groups
PubMed: 16639243
DOI: 10.1097/00000446-200605000-00020 -
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and... 2004To review the literature concerning maternal postpartum depression beyond the early postpartum period. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the literature concerning maternal postpartum depression beyond the early postpartum period.
DATA SOURCES
A literature search was conducted using Cinahl, Medline, and PsychInfo electronic databases. Keywords included postpartum depression, postpartum depressive symptoms, course, prevalence, incidence, and remission.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies selected included incidence of maternal depression or depressive symptoms, existing in the early postpartum period, and measured again at postpartum points from 6 months through 2 1/2 years after delivery. Only studies published in English were included. Twenty-three articles were located, and a recent relevant study conducted by the current author also was included.
DATA EXTRACTION
Studies were reviewed and data organized according to year, sample characteristics, time of depression assessment, instrument used, cutoff score, rate of depression, and factors associated with depression at later postpartum time points.
DATA SYNTHESIS
For a significant percentage of women, postpartum depressive symptoms continue for months or even years after giving birth. Factors associated with postpartum depression at later time points are identified.
CONCLUSIONS
Continued evaluation of women with elevated depression levels at initial screening, and treatment for women whose depression does not remit spontaneously within the first few weeks or months postpartum is recommended. Further research is needed to understand the phenomenon of persistent postpartum depression.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Incidence; Mass Screening; Needs Assessment; Nurse's Role; Nursing Assessment; Nursing Research; Prevalence; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Risk Factors; Social Support; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors
PubMed: 15346666
DOI: 10.1177/0884217504266915 -
Current Psychiatry Reports Jul 2016The perinatal period introduces a myriad of changes. One important but often overlooked change is an increased reporting of sleep disturbance. Although casually regarded... (Review)
Review
The perinatal period introduces a myriad of changes. One important but often overlooked change is an increased reporting of sleep disturbance. Although casually regarded as a consequence of pregnancy or postpartum, there is emerging evidence implicating significant sleep disturbance, characterized by insomnia symptoms and/or poor sleep quality, with adverse outcomes, such as an increase in depressive symptomatology or the development postpartum depression (PPD). Significant consequences may arise as a result including issues with maternal-infant bonding, effective care for the infant, and behavioral or emotional difficulties in the infant. This review discusses the relevant literature as to how disturbed sleep during pregnancy as well as in the postpartum may increase the risk for PPD.
Topics: Depression, Postpartum; Early Diagnosis; Female; Humans; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Sleep; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
PubMed: 27222140
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0705-2 -
La Revue Du Praticien Feb 2016Postpartum depression. Postpartum depression affects over 10% of women in the year following childbirth; it has deleterious consequences for the mother - especially a...
Postpartum depression. Postpartum depression affects over 10% of women in the year following childbirth; it has deleterious consequences for the mother - especially a significant risk of recurrence over the life - and the child development. Its detection is sometimes difficult because of polymorphic symptoms, whose severity is typically moderate but up to melancholy. Its main differential diagnosis is the postpartum blues. It represents a major public health issue. Postpartum depression is a multifactorial disease. Its prevention requires a better understanding of its determinants, which allows an early and targeted action on women who are most at risk. Once diagnosed, a collegial management is required to avoid the impact on the mother and child. Psychotherapy and/or antidepressant therapy may be necessary.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Depression; Depression, Postpartum; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Psychotherapy; Recurrence
PubMed: 30512341
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.... 2003The diagnostic term 'postpartum depression' is still widely used. This paper attempts to discuss if this is still justified in the light of recent research. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The diagnostic term 'postpartum depression' is still widely used. This paper attempts to discuss if this is still justified in the light of recent research.
METHOD
Comprehensive review of literature.
RESULTS
Postpartum depression is not a specific entity in terms of having a specific aetiology. Rather, giving birth to a child with all its biological and psychosocial consequences seems to act as a major stressor, which - within a general vulnerability-stress model - can trigger the outbreak of the disease in predisposed women. Nevertheless, it might still be justified to continue the use of this diagnostic term, as depression in early motherhood confronts us with specific needs. Thus, help-seeking is often delayed due to shame and stigma, and diagnosis is often missed due to misinterpretation of symptoms. Services often do not meet these women's needs adequately, as they do not take into account their specific situation, problems and fears. Untreated, postpartum depression can have especially severe long-term consequences, not only for the mother but also for the child and the whole family. Therefore, special attention and special treatment is necessary. This necessitates modifications of our pharmacological, non-pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment and also provision of new low-threshold mother-infant services.
CONCLUSION
Although postpartum depression is not a specific entity from an aetiological point of view, the diagnostic term [as 'specifier', as in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV)] should not be abandoned, as depression in the postpartum period confronts us with specific needs for care.
Topics: Adult; Depression, Postpartum; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Psychotherapy; Risk Factors; Stress, Psychological; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 12956815
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.11.x -
WMJ : Official Publication of the State... 2004Depression during the postpartum period is a significant public health concern, affecting 8%-15% of women and resulting in considerable morbidity for women, and their... (Review)
Review
Depression during the postpartum period is a significant public health concern, affecting 8%-15% of women and resulting in considerable morbidity for women, and their infants and families. Risk, prevalence, and distinguishing features of postpartum mood disorders are provided. Anxiety and depression frequently co-occur, suggesting symptoms of anxiety should also be attended to when screening for postpartum depression. Recommendations include the use of a brief, valid screening instrument as a routine clinical practice and the unique role of the obstetrician/gynecologist, pediatrician, and family practice physician in identification and referral. A summary of evidence-based treatment options for postpartum depression, along with current information about psychotropic medication, is provided to assist in risk-benefit analyses and decision making with patients.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Breast Feeding; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Infant; Mass Screening; Pregnancy; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 15622821
DOI: No ID Found -
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Oct 2002The postpartum period is an exceptionally high-risk time for the occurrence of episodes of depression in women with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. There... (Review)
Review
The postpartum period is an exceptionally high-risk time for the occurrence of episodes of depression in women with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. There is accumulating evidence that major depressive disorder with postpartum onset in some patients has a bipolar diathesis. This article reviews the pharmacological treatment of postpartum depression. Although the data are limited, studies have focused exclusively on the acute and prophylactic treatment of major depressive disorder. To date, there are no studies of bipolar depression with postpartum onset. A careful assessment of maternal and infant risks and benefits is required prior to initiation of pharmacological treatment. Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of subtle forms of bipolar disorder are discussed and suggestions are made regarding possible treatment interventions. The urgent need to conduct further studies comparing the symptom patterns, response to treatment and illness course in women with major depressive disorders and bipolar depression with postpartum onset is highlighted.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans
PubMed: 12387688
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.3.10.1421 -
Current Opinion in Psychiatry Jul 2010Although there has been an increase in research on postpartum depression (PPD), an inadequate focus has been placed on immigrant women. This is a significant limitation... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Although there has been an increase in research on postpartum depression (PPD), an inadequate focus has been placed on immigrant women. This is a significant limitation given the rapidly changing demographics in North America.
RECENT FINDINGS
Immigrants face unique and multiple layers of challenges that may compromise their mental health and prevent them from receiving adequate and equitable care. For immigrant women, many of these stressors are especially compounded in the vulnerable postpartum period, resulting in PPD. Cultural values and practices may be protective in some instances, whereas in other instances they exacerbate PPD. There is a significant gap in existing literature regarding the complex psychosocial, cultural, and spiritual factors that may moderate the effects of the depression. Furthermore, the measurement of PPD is hampered by cross-cultural methodological challenges.
SUMMARY
Given the complexity of the psychosocial issues facing immigrant women, there is a need to develop a comprehensive response toward addressing the multifaceted challenges, ensuring equitable immigration and related policies; adequate community resources and social services to address social determinants of health; inclusiveness in public health and prevention strategies; equitable access to a culturally competent healthcare system; capacity building of marginalized communities; and culturally competent interventions at the individual level. Additional research using the bidimensional model of acculturation is needed.
Topics: Acculturation; Adult; Depression, Postpartum; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; North America; Prevalence
PubMed: 20495458
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833ad721 -
Journal of Clinical Psychology in... Jun 2023American Indian (AI) mothers experience high rates of postpartum depression (PPD). We evaluated the factor structure of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)...
American Indian (AI) mothers experience high rates of postpartum depression (PPD). We evaluated the factor structure of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) among AI mothers from a rural AI serving health system. We also investigated potential associations between EPDS scores and selected psychosocial factors (n = 315). Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 157) showed that a one-factor structure best fits the data. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was then conducted to examine the fit of the one-factor model (n = 158). Goodness-of-fit statistics showed overall poor model fit (RMSEA = .13) which may be suggestive of an indicator of depression among Natives not detected by the EPDS. Results of the multiple regression analysis were non-significant. The findings demonstrated that while the EPDS measured aspects of PPD, there may be additional aspects of depression specific to the AI women in our sample not captured by the EPDS. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Topics: Female; Humans; Mothers; Depression, Postpartum; American Indian or Alaska Native; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
PubMed: 36190607
DOI: 10.1007/s10880-022-09912-6