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Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Jan 2019The classical conditioning paradigm of fear learning has spawned a number of experimental variations for the explanation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)... (Review)
Review
The classical conditioning paradigm of fear learning has spawned a number of experimental variations for the explanation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) etiology. These paradigms include extinction learning and recall, fear inhibition, fear generalization, and conditioned avoidance. As such, each of these paradigms have significant applications for understanding the development, maintenance, treatment, and relapse of the fear-related features of PTSD. In the present review, we describe each of these conditioning-based paradigms with reference to the clinical applications, and supported by case examples from patients with severe PTSD symptoms. We also review the neurobiological models of conditioning and extinction in animals, psychiatrically healthy humans, and PTSD patients, and discuss the current balance of evidence suggesting a number of biological, behavioral, and cognitive mechanisms/moderators of the conditioning and extinction process in experimental and clinical contexts.
Topics: Animals; Conditioning, Classical; Extinction, Psychological; Fear; Humans; Implosive Therapy; Mental Recall; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 30134147
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.014 -
CNS Spectrums Apr 2013
Topics: Humans; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 23557625
DOI: 10.1017/S1092852913000175 -
Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2000Issues that are salient in understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in older adults are examined in this review. Although this issue has received scattered... (Review)
Review
Issues that are salient in understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in older adults are examined in this review. Although this issue has received scattered attention in the literature since introduction of the diagnosis of PTSD to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) in 1980, it is clear that numerous conceptual and defining questions exist in our understanding of the aftermath of trauma exposure in older adults. In approaching this issue, studies pertaining to diagnostic status as well as broader dimensions of psychosocial functioning are examined. Concerns that are unique to older adults are highlighted throughout, with particular attention to areas where additional research is warranted.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 10864382
DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00045-6 -
CNS Spectrums Feb 2006Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms may develop as a result of an acute, life-threatening traumatic event. Such acute events are quite common in patients with... (Review)
Review
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms may develop as a result of an acute, life-threatening traumatic event. Such acute events are quite common in patients with cardiovascular illnesses (ie, a myocardial infarction, acute exacerbations of heart failure or edema). Indeed, PTSD symptoms have been described in a substantial minority of patients who had such events (10% to 25%), and have been shown to be associated with medical morbidity and with non-adherence to medications. This review summarizes available information about these symptoms in patients with cardiovascular illnesses. It also describes the importance of recognizing PTSD as a distinct psychiatric disorder (that can be addressed by specific treatments) and as an important compounding factor in studies of psychopathology in cardiovascular patients. In particular, an argument is made that the understanding of depressive disorders in patients with cardiovascular illnesses should incorporate conceptual and treatment information from the emotional trauma literature if indeed depressive and anxiety disorders are to be successfully treated in these patients. The authors conclude with a description of the challenges and promise of an effort to implement a clinical program to screen for PTSD symptoms in patients with cardiovascular illnesses, and with recommendations for future efforts.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 16520690
DOI: 10.1017/s109285290001066x -
Postgraduate Medicine Sep 2008The evidence base on effective treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the elderly population is scarce. The assessment and treatment of PTSD could pose a... (Review)
Review
The evidence base on effective treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the elderly population is scarce. The assessment and treatment of PTSD could pose a challenge for primary care providers and residents in training involved in treating PTSD in older adults. This article will review the epidemiology, the morbidity, the mortality, the biological perspective, the prognosis, and the psychosocial and pharmacological treatment options, in addition to the spiritual dimensions of PTSD and aging.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Antipsychotic Agents; Humans; Prognosis; Psychotherapy; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 18824831
DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1913 -
Clinical Psychology Review May 2002Life-threatening illness has recently been recognized as a stressor that can precipitate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This development has raised questions over... (Review)
Review
Life-threatening illness has recently been recognized as a stressor that can precipitate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This development has raised questions over the extent to which the PTSD diagnosis is applicable to the psychological reaction to being diagnosed with cancer. This paper identifies the core conceptual issues pertaining to cancer-related PTSD, critically reviews the empirical literature on PTSD following cancer, and considers the possible mechanisms and course of PTSD following a diagnosis of cancer. Specific issues that need to be considered in the assessment and treatment of cancer-related PTSD are reviewed. This review highlights that there is a need for stronger empirical base to guide clinical management of PTSD in cancer patients.
Topics: Humans; Life Change Events; Neoplasms; Severity of Illness Index; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 12094509
DOI: 10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00118-0 -
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999Posttraumatic stress disorder was categorized as a clinical entity in 1980 in response to assertions by trauma survivors (particularly Vietnam veterans) and their... (Review)
Review
Posttraumatic stress disorder was categorized as a clinical entity in 1980 in response to assertions by trauma survivors (particularly Vietnam veterans) and their clinicians that existing diagnostic categories failed to adequately describe their symptoms. The diagnostic features of the current DSM-IV diagnosis have been expanded, and the concept of the disorder is still evolving. Posttraumatic stress disorder rarely occurs in "pure" form, and individuals suffering from the disorder commonly meet criteria for Axis I and Axis II disorders. Research is now emerging that supports the prevalence of aggression in posttraumatic stress disorder. Treatment approaches vary, but pharmacotherapy aimed at targeting individual symptoms or clusters can promote mood stabilization. This article discusses the evolving concept of posttraumatic stress disorder as a clinical entity, the association of anger and aggression with the disorder, and the psychopharmacologic approaches to treatment.
Topics: Aggression; Anger; Anticonvulsants; Antihypertensive Agents; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Lithium; Psychotherapy, Group; Psychotropic Drugs; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 10418813
DOI: No ID Found -
Trauma, Violence & Abuse Jul 2012Studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescence published from 2000 to 2011 indicate that adolescents are at greater risk of experiencing trauma than... (Review)
Review
Studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescence published from 2000 to 2011 indicate that adolescents are at greater risk of experiencing trauma than either adults or children, and that the prevalence of PTSD among adolescents is 3-57%. Age, gender, type of trauma, and repeated trauma are discussed as factors related to the increased rates of adolescent PTSD. PTSD in adolescence is also associated with suicide, substance abuse, poor social support, academic problems, and poor physical health. PTSD may disrupt biological maturational processes and contribute to the long-term emotion and behavior regulation problems that are often evident in adolescents with the disorder. Recommendations are presented for practice and research regarding the promotion of targeted prevention and intervention services to maximize adolescents' strengths and minimize vulnerabilities. Public policy implications are discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Child Abuse; Humans; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Sex Offenses; Social Support; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicide, Attempted; Violence
PubMed: 22665437
DOI: 10.1177/1524838012447698 -
Genetic, Social, and General Psychology... Aug 1992In this article, I have reviewed posttraumatic stress disorder with Vietnam veterans, soldiers in other wars, and in victims of natural and civilian disasters. A... (Review)
Review
In this article, I have reviewed posttraumatic stress disorder with Vietnam veterans, soldiers in other wars, and in victims of natural and civilian disasters. A discussion of measurement and therapy approaches is included.
Topics: Combat Disorders; Humans; Personality Assessment; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Veterans; Vietnam
PubMed: 1427027
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Opinion in Psychiatry Nov 2007The aim of this article is to review the current literature on co-occuring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder, with an emphasis on clinical aspects... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The aim of this article is to review the current literature on co-occuring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder, with an emphasis on clinical aspects and emerging treatments.
RECENT FINDINGS
In clinical populations (focusing on either disorder), about 25-50% have a lifetime dual diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder. Patients with both disorders have a more severe clinical profile than those with either disorder alone, lower functioning, poorer well being, and worse outcomes across a variety of measures. In recent years, several promising treatment programs have been developed specifically for co-occuring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder, with one model having been established as effective thus far.
SUMMARY
Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder/substance-use disorder is a frequent diagnosis in clinical populations that severely affects course and outcome. Treatment approaches appropriate for this vulnerable population need to be evaluated further and implemented in routine practice.
Topics: Comorbidity; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Humans; Psychotherapy; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Substance-Related Disorders; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 17921765
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f0ffd9