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Clinical and Experimental Hypertension... Nov 1999The present study was designed to investigate whether antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of K were achieved by elevation of nitric oxide (NO) production in Dahl... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The present study was designed to investigate whether antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of K were achieved by elevation of nitric oxide (NO) production in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. The rats were placed in individual metabolic cage and fed a high sodium diet with or without K supplementation for 4 weeks. K supplementation counteracted the blood-pressure raising effect of NaCl. K supplementation significantly enhanced sodium excretion and reduced sodium retention, increased the urinary nitrite plus nitrate excretion and kidney constitutive NO synthase activity in salt-loaded DS rats. These effect did not occur in the rats fed a low sodium diet with K supplementation. These results suggest that K supplementation attenuates development of hypertension with reduction of sodium retention in salt-loaded DS rats, which is mediated by the recovery of salt-induced NO production mechanism.
Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Calcium; Hypertension; Kidney; Male; Natriuresis; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitrites; Organ Size; Potassium; Potassium, Dietary; Rats; Rats, Inbred Dahl; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary; Treatment Outcome; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 10574420
DOI: 10.3109/10641969909070856 -
Revue Belge de Pathologie Et de... Mar 1950
Topics: Calcium, Dietary; Cell Respiration; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Ions; Magnesium; Potassium; Respiration
PubMed: 15441547
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 2016Many studies have focused on the influence of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on animal performance but few have examined the effect of DCAD on the rumen ionic...
Many studies have focused on the influence of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on animal performance but few have examined the effect of DCAD on the rumen ionic environment. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of DCAD, cation source (Na vs. K), and anion source (Cl vs. bicarbonate or carbonate) on rumen environment and fermentation. The study used 5 rumen-fistulated dairy cows and 5 dietary treatments that were applied using a 5×5 Latin square design with 2-wk experimental periods. Treatments consisted of (1) the basal total mixed ration (TMR); (2) the basal TMR plus 340mEq/kg of Na (dry matter basis) using NaCl; (3) the basal TMR plus 340mEq/kg of K using KCl; (4) the basal TMR plus 340mEq/kg of Na using NaHCO3; and (5) the basal TMR plus 340mEq/kg of K using K2CO3. On the last day of each experimental period, rumen samples were collected and pooled from 5 different locations at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 9, and 12h postfeeding for measurement of rumen pH and concentrations of strong ions and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Dietary supplementation of individual strong ions increased the corresponding rumen ion concentration. Rumen Na was decreased by 24mEq/L when K was substituted for Na in the diet, but added dietary Na had no effect on rumen K. Rumen Cl was increased by 10mEq/L in diets supplemented with Cl. Cation source had no effect on rumen pH or total VFA concentration. Increased DCAD increased rumen pH by 0.10 pH units and increased rumen acetate by 4mEq/L but did not increase total VFA. This study demonstrated that rumen ion concentrations can be manipulated by dietary ion concentrations. If production and feed efficiency responses to DCAD and ionophores in the diet are affected by rumen Na and K concentrations, then manipulating dietary Na and K could be used either to enhance or diminish those responses.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anions; Bicarbonates; Carbonates; Cations; Cattle; Chlorides; Diet; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Fermentation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactation; Potassium; Rumen; Sodium
PubMed: 27289159
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10853 -
Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) Oct 2006Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase. Because endothelial NO pathway is compromised in patients with salt-sensitive...
Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase. Because endothelial NO pathway is compromised in patients with salt-sensitive hypertension, we investigated whether the plasma ADMA can be modulated by chronic salt loading in normotensive salt-sensitive persons and its relationship with NO, and we further determined whether or not dietary potassium supplementation can reverse them. Sixty normotensive subjects (aged 20 to 60 years) were selected from a rural community of Northern China. All of the people were sequentially maintained on a low-salt diet for 7 days (3 g/day, NaCl), then a high-salt diet for 7 days (18 g/day), and high-salt diet with potassium supplementation for another 7 days (4.5 g/day, KCl). After salt loading, the plasma ADMA concentrations increased significantly in salt-sensitive subjects (0.89+/-0.02 micromol/L versus 0.51+/-0.02 micromol/L; P<0.05), whereas the plasma NOx levels reduced considerably (41.8+/-2.1 micromol/L versus 63.5+/-2.1 micromol/L; P<0.01). All of the abnormalities normalized when dietary potassium were supplemented (0.52+/-0.03 micromol/L versus 0.89+/-0.02 micromol/L for ADMA and 58.1+/-0.9 micromol/L versus 41.8+/-2.1 micromol/L for NOx). Statistically significant correlations were found among plasma ADMA level, the mean blood pressure, and the level of NO after salt loading in normotensive salt sensitive individuals. Our study indicates that high dietary potassium intake reduces blood pressure and ADMA levels while increasing NO bioactivity in normotensive salt-sensitive but not salt-resistant Asian subjects after salt loading.
Topics: Adult; Arginine; Asian People; Blood Pressure; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitrites; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium, Dietary; Reference Values; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 16966580
DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000238159.19614.ce -
International Journal of Food Sciences... 2006The influence of thermal treatment (frying of plantain) on the micronutrients ascorbic acid, potassium and carotenoids is evaluated. Cylinders (diameter 30 mm, thickness...
The influence of thermal treatment (frying of plantain) on the micronutrients ascorbic acid, potassium and carotenoids is evaluated. Cylinders (diameter 30 mm, thickness 10 mm) of plantain (Musa AAB 'barraganete') were fried at four thermal treatments (120-180 degrees C and from 24 to 4 min) to obtain products with approximately the same water content (approximately 0.8+/-0.02 kg/kg1) and fat content (approximately 0.15+/-0.06 kg/kg). The thermal study used the cook value and the mean cook value as indicators of the effect of several different treatment temperatures and times on quality. Deep-fat frying had no significant effect on carotenoid contents at any frying conditions, and on potassium content, except at 120 degrees C and 24 min (loss
potassium and ascorbic acid. These results are in agreement with other studies that demonstrated short thermal treatments at high temperatures protect food nutritional quality, as shown by the cook value and the mean cook value. In our work, deep-fat frying of plantain preserved most of the micronutrient contents that were evaluated. Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Carotenoids; Cooking; Dietary Fats; Food Analysis; Hot Temperature; Nutritive Value; Plantago; Potassium, Dietary; Temperature; Water
PubMed: 16849120
DOI: 10.1080/09637480600658393 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 1994Eight normal male Beagle dogs received 0.7 mmol Na+/kg/day for 5 weeks and 4.0 mmol Na+/kg/day in one 3 week control period preceding and another similar period...
Eight normal male Beagle dogs received 0.7 mmol Na+/kg/day for 5 weeks and 4.0 mmol Na+/kg/day in one 3 week control period preceding and another similar period following the low sodium period. The dogs received 6.8 mmol K+/kg/day throughout the study. The median plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were higher in the low sodium period than in the following control period (0.67 versus 0.28 ng/ml/h, p < 0.0001) and (204 versus 31 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). PRA and PAC quickly stabilized on a new steady level in response to altered intake of sodium chloride. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was not changed by the altered intake of sodium chloride. The plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride were increased during the low sodium period. This could be due to an indirect effect of the high potassium intake of the dogs. Potassium leads to an increased secretion of aldosterone and thereby to an increased retention of sodium and chloride in the kidney. The possible implications of a high potassium content in a low sodium diet are discussed.
Topics: Aldosterone; Animals; Chlorides; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Dogs; Electrolytes; Magnesium; Male; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Potassium; Potassium, Dietary; Radioimmunoassay; Renin; Renin-Angiotensin System; Sodium; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 7942378
DOI: 10.1186/BF03548340 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Dec 2012In vitro studies demonstrate that bone is degraded in an acidic environment due to chemical reactions and through effects on bone cells. Clinical evidence is... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
In vitro studies demonstrate that bone is degraded in an acidic environment due to chemical reactions and through effects on bone cells. Clinical evidence is insufficient to unequivocally resolve whether the diet net acid or base load bone affects breakdown in humans. Increasing dietary salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) mildly increases blood acidity in humans and in rats with increased sensitivity to the blood pressure effects of salt, whereas increased potassium (K) intake can decrease blood pressure. Blood pressure responses to NaCl or K may potentially be a marker for increased bone turnover or lower bone mineral density (BMD) in women at higher risk for osteoporosis and fracture.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
We retrospectively analysed data from two data sets (California and NE Scotland) of postmenopausal women (n=266) enrolled in long-term randomized, placebo-controlled studies of the effects of administration of low- or high-dose dietary K alkali supplementation on bone turnover in relation to sodium or chloride excretion (a marker of dietary salt intake). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated from blood pressure measures, MAP was divided into tertiles and its influence on the effect of dietary NaCl and K alkali supplementation on deoxypyridinoline markers of bone resorption and BMD by DEXA was tested. Data was analysed for each data set separately and then combined.
RESULTS
Percentage change in BMD after 24 months was less for California compared with North East Scotland (hip: -0.6 ± 2.8% and -1.5 ± 2.4%, respectively (P=0.027); spine: -0.5 ± 3.4% and -2.6 ± 3.5%, (P<0.001). We found no effect of dietary alkali treatment on BMD change or bone resorption for either centre. Adjusting for the possible calcium- or potassium-lowering effects on blood pressure did not alter the results.
CONCLUSIONS
Blood pressure responses to Na, Cl or K intake did not help predict a BMD response to diet alkali therapy.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alkalies; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; California; Chlorides; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Potassium, Dietary; Retrospective Studies; Scotland; Sodium; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Spine
PubMed: 23093337
DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.151 -
Pflugers Archiv Fur Die Gesamte... 1961
[Parallel modification of mechanical tension development and splitting of energy-rich phosphate in potassium contraction of the frog rectus in solutions with varied K ion and Ca ion content].
Topics: Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Muscles; Phosphates; Potassium; Solutions
PubMed: 13893461
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Applied Physiology Jan 1954
Topics: Humans; Ion Exchange; Ions; Iontophoresis; Potassium; Skin; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary
PubMed: 13117772
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1954.6.7.401 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2015Water is a critical nutrient for dairy cows, with intake varying with environment, production, and diet. However, little work has evaluated the effects of water intake... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Water is a critical nutrient for dairy cows, with intake varying with environment, production, and diet. However, little work has evaluated the effects of water intake on rumen parameters. Using dietary potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as a K supplement to increase water intake, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of K2CO3 supplementation on water intake and on rumen parameters of lactating dairy cows. Nine ruminally cannulated, late-lactation Holstein cows (207±12d in milk) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design with 18-d periods. Dietary treatments (on a dry matter basis) were no added K2CO3 (baseline dietary K levels of 1.67% dietary K), 0.75% added dietary K, and 1.5% added dietary K. Cows were offered treatment diets for a 14-d adaption period followed by a 4-d collection period. Ruminal total, liquid, and dry matter digesta weights were determined by total rumen evacuations conducted 2h after feeding on d 4 of the collection period. Rumen fluid samples were collected to determine pH, volatile fatty acids, and NH3 concentrations, and Co-EDTA was used to determine fractional liquid passage rate. Milk samples were collected twice daily during the collection period. Milk, milk fat, and protein yields showed quadratic responses with greatest yields for the 0.75% added dietary K treatment. Dry matter intake showed a quadratic response with 21.8kg/d for the 0.75% added dietary K treatment and 20.4 and 20.5kg/d for control and the 1.5% added dietary K treatment, respectively. Water intake increased linearly with increasing K2CO3 supplementation (102.4, 118.4, and 129.3L/d) as did ruminal fractional liquid passage rate in the earlier hours after feeding (0.118, 0.135, and 0.141 per hour). Total and wet weights of rumen contents declined linearly and dry weight tended to decline linearly as dietary K2CO3 increased, suggesting that the increasing water intake and fractional liquid passage rate with increasing K2CO3 increased the overall ruminal turnover rate. Ruminal ammonia concentrations declined linearly and pH increased linearly as K supplementation increased. As a molar percentage of total volatile fatty acids, acetate increased linearly as dietary K increased, though propionate declined. Increasing dietary K2CO3 and total K in the diets of lactating dairy cows increased water consumption and modified ruminal measures in ways suggesting that both liquid and total ruminal turnover were increased as both water and K intake increased.
Topics: Ammonia; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Carbonates; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Drinking; Drinking Water; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactation; Milk; Potassium; Rumen
PubMed: 25747833
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8557