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Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2024This paper examines the legacies of the emergence of the animal control and sheltering industry in the United States and their impact on contemporary public animal...
This paper examines the legacies of the emergence of the animal control and sheltering industry in the United States and their impact on contemporary public animal shelters. While decades of gradual reform have helped substantially reduce the number of animals entering shelters and being killed there, contemporary animal sheltering largely continues to follow the path set when animal sheltering developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Three key interrelated legacies of the pound model of early animal control and sheltering enduringly shape sheltering today: (1) the institutional culture of animal shelters grounded in the logics of caging and killing; (2) the lack of visibility and transparency, especially within government shelters; and (3) the economic logics of the pound model, including the disparities in sheltering resources across communities. Examining the origins of animal control and sheltering and identifying the specific legacies of this pound model within contemporary government-funded shelters improves understanding of why such shelters in the US have developed with a particular set of practices and ideologies, and thus provides an important footing for envisioning and enacting radical changes in animal sheltering.
PubMed: 38731258
DOI: 10.3390/ani14091254 -
Brain Stimulation Apr 2008Commercial transcranial magnetic stimulators are massive and may be difficult to transport for lecture and teaching purposes
BACKGROUND
Commercial transcranial magnetic stimulators are massive and may be difficult to transport for lecture and teaching purposes
OBJECTIVE
To design and construct a portable, battery-powered magnetic stimulator of the lowest possible mass for use in demonstrations and simple measurements
RESULTS
The functioning battery-powered single-pulse system is relatively inexpensive, weighs less than 7 pounds, including coil, incorporates external sync capability, and functions well for the intended purposes
CONCLUSIONS
The device may useful for teachers, researchers, and clinicians.
Topics: Electric Power Supplies; Humans; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
PubMed: 20633379
DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.02.002 -
QJM : Monthly Journal of the... Jun 2006Many different approaches are used to diagnose suspected deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), but there has been little formal comparison of strategies. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Many different approaches are used to diagnose suspected deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), but there has been little formal comparison of strategies.
AIM
To identify the most cost-effective strategy for the UK National Health Service (NHS).
DESIGN
Systematic review, meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis.
METHODS
We identified 18 strategies and estimated the diagnostic performance of constituent tests by systematic review and meta-analysis. Outcomes of testing and treatment were estimated from published data or by an expert panel. Costs were estimated from NHS reference costs and published data. We built a decision-analysis model to estimate, for each strategy, the overall accuracy, costs, and outcomes (valued as quality-adjusted life-years, QALYs), compared to a 'no testing, no treatment' alternative. Probabilistic analysis estimated the net benefit of each strategy at varying thresholds for willingness to pay for health gain.
RESULTS
At the thresholds for willingness to pay recommended by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (20,000 pounds sterling-30,000 pounds sterling per QALY), the optimal strategy was to discharge patients with a low or intermediate Wells score and negative D-dimer, limiting ultrasound to those with a high score or positive D-dimer. Strategies using radiological testing for all patients were only cost-effective at 40,000 pound sterling per QALY or more.
DISCUSSION
The optimal strategy for DVT diagnosis is to use ultrasound selectively in patients with a high clinical risk or positive D-dimer. Radiological testing for all patients does not appear to be a cost-effective use of health service resources.
Topics: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Support Techniques; Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; Humans; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; State Medicine; United Kingdom; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 16728440
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcl051 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry Jul 1968
Topics: Creativity; History of Medicine; Literature, Modern; Pennsylvania; Psychoanalytic Interpretation
PubMed: 4874885
DOI: 10.1016/s0010-440x(68)80017-3 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Aug 2007Treatment of severe obesity is difficult; in the past, lifestyle measures did not prove effective. Recently, however, intensive behavioral interventions using meal...
BACKGROUND
Treatment of severe obesity is difficult; in the past, lifestyle measures did not prove effective. Recently, however, intensive behavioral interventions using meal replacements and low-energy diets have enabled some severely obese persons to achieve nonobese weights.
OBJECTIVE
We assessed rates of weight loss, changes in risk factors and medication requirements, and long-term weight maintenance in patients who lost >or=100 pounds (45.5 kg).
DESIGN
Over a 9-y period, we prospectively identified patients who lost >or=100 pounds (45.5 kg) and actively recorded follow-up weights. Charts were systematically reviewed to assess outcome measures and side effects. The intervention included meal replacements (shakes and entrées), low-energy diets, weekly classes, and training in record keeping and physical activity. Assessments included weekly weights, laboratory studies, medication use, lifestyle behaviors, side effects, and follow-up weights.
RESULTS
Sixty-three men and 55 women lost >or=100 pounds. At baseline, the subjects' average weight was 160 kg, 97% had >or=1 obesity-related comorbidity, and 74% were taking medications for comorbidities. Weight losses averaged 61 kg in 44 wk. Medications were discontinued in 66% of patients with a cost savings of $100/mo. Despite medication discontinuation, significant decreases in LDL cholesterol (20%), triacylglycerol (36%), glucose (17%), and systolic (13%) and diastolic (15%) blood pressure values were seen. Side effects were mild, and only 2 patients had severe or serious adverse events. At an average of 5 y of follow-up, patients were maintaining an average weight loss of 30 kg.
CONCLUSION
Intensive behavioral intervention can be very effective with minimal risk for certain severely obese persons.
Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Body Mass Index; Comorbidity; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity, Morbid; Patient Selection; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss
PubMed: 17684198
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.301 -
British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen... Oct 2000A European cost-effectiveness study has been conducted using published clinical trial data from multinational studies on chronic venous leg ulcers and pressure sores.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
A European cost-effectiveness study has been conducted using published clinical trial data from multinational studies on chronic venous leg ulcers and pressure sores. Data relevant to UK chronic wound management practice have been extracted and are presented here. A total of 15 pressure sore studies involving 519 wounds, and 12 leg ulcer studies involving 843 ulcers were used in a pooled analysis. The study objectives included the calculation of comparative costs in pound sterling for three different treatment protocols for each wound type. The protocols have been adapted for UK clinical practice in both hospital and community settings and are based on primary dressings and nurse time costs, wound cleansing and debridement, the use of fillers, and compression as appropriate. The focus of the study has been the cost-effectiveness comparison (as measured by cost per healed wound) of two modern dressings - Granuflex(R) hydrocolloid dressing and Apligraf(R) skin replacement - and traditional gauze dressings in the treatment of venous leg ulcers and, in the case of pressure sores, comparison of Granuflex(R) Comfeel(R) hydrocolloid dressings and traditional saline gauze dressings. The choice of dressings studied was dictated by the available published literature. The construction of treatment protocols and assumptions on treatments otherwise missing from published papers has been achieved through the use of an expert panel. Results show Granuflex(R) to be 50% more cost-effective, at 422 pounds per healed wound, than Comfeel(R) (643 pounds) and 500% more so than saline gauze (2548 pounds) in the treatment of pressure sores. Granuflex(R) at 342 pounds was also more cost-effective than gauze (541 pounds) or Apligraf(R) (6741 pounds) in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. These data will provide a valuable adjunct to published clinical evidence, offering further information upon which carers can base their choice of wound dressing.
Topics: Bandages; Chronic Disease; Clinical Protocols; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Health Care Costs; Humans; Models, Econometric; Pressure Ulcer; Skin Care; United Kingdom; Varicose Ulcer
PubMed: 12271239
DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2000.9.Sup3.12483 -
Plant Foods For Human Nutrition... Sep 2007The present study compares the effect of baking process (microwave vs conventional oven) on starch bioavailability in fresh pound cake crumbs and in crumbs from pound...
The present study compares the effect of baking process (microwave vs conventional oven) on starch bioavailability in fresh pound cake crumbs and in crumbs from pound cake stored for 8 days. Proximal chemical analysis, resistant starch (RS), retrograded starch (RS3) and starch hydrolysis index (HI) were evaluated. The empirical formula suggested by Granfeldt was used to determine the predicted glycemic index (pGI). Pound cake, one of Mexico's major bread products, was selected for analysis because the quality defects often associated with microwave baking might be reduced with the use of high-fat, high-moisture, batted dough. Differences in product moisture, RS and RS3 were observed in fresh microwave-baked and conventionally baked pound cake. RS3 increased significantly in conventionally baked products stored for 8 days at room temperature, whereas no significantly changes in RS3 were observed in the microwaved product. HI values for freshly baked and stored microwaved product were 59 and 62%, respectively (P > 0.05), whereas the HI value for the conventionally baked product decreased significantly after 8 days of storage. A pound cake with the desired HI and GI characteristics might be obtained by adjusting the microwave baking process.
Topics: Biological Availability; Bread; Cooking; Digestion; Food Handling; Glycemic Index; Humans; Hydrolysis; Microwaves; Nutritive Value; Starch; Temperature; Time Factors
PubMed: 17661177
DOI: 10.1007/s11130-007-0048-6 -
South Dakota Medicine : the Journal of... Oct 2015The purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of pediatric traumatic brain injury and its management. Within the pediatric age group, ages 1 to 19,...
The purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of pediatric traumatic brain injury and its management. Within the pediatric age group, ages 1 to 19, injuries are the number one cause of death with traumatic brain injury being involved in almost 50 percent of these cases. This, along with the fact that the medical system spends over $1 billion annually on pediatric traumatic brain injury, makes this issue both timely and relevant to health care providers. Over the course of this article the epidemiology, physiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of pediatric traumatic brain injury will be explored. Emphasis will be placed on the role of the early responder and the immediate interventions that should be considered and/or performed. The management discussed in this article follows the most recent recommendations from the 2012 edition of the Guidelines for the Acute Medical Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Despite the focus of this article, it is important not to lose sight of the fact that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound--or, to be more precise and use the average human's brain measurements, just above three pounds--of cure.
Topics: Adolescent; Brain Injuries; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 26630835
DOI: No ID Found -
Mondo Odontostomatologico 1972
Topics: Denture, Complete
PubMed: 4515345
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2022An estimated 40% of food produced in the United States is wasted, which poses a significant barrier to achieving a sustainable future-so much so that the United Nations... (Review)
Review
An estimated 40% of food produced in the United States is wasted, which poses a significant barrier to achieving a sustainable future-so much so that the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal no. 12, to "ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns," includes a goal to "halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer level, and reduce food losses along the production and supply chains by 2030." Annually, consumers waste approximately 90 billion pounds of food, equating to roughly 1 pound per person per day. More specifically, consumer waste is the largest contributor to the food waste problem when compared with other steps along the supply chain, such as production, post-harvest handling and storage, processing, and distribution. Furthermore, American families discard approximately 25% of the food and beverages they buy. When considering the type of waste coming from households, fresh fruits and vegetables rank highest at 22%, with dairy products, at 19%, following in close second. A variety of factors contribute to why consumers waste so much food. For dairy, commonly referenced reasons are related to the misunderstanding of date labels, poor planning of purchases, spoilage before consuming products, and improper storage. This wasted food accumulates in landfills and produces methane when decomposing, resulting in environmental consequences related to ozone depletion and climate change. Milk can have negative environmental impacts when disposed of down the drain. This review will discuss the food waste problem, causes, and potential solutions at the consumer level, with particular focus on dairy waste. An individual plus policy, system, and environment approach will also be integrated to provide a well-rounded view of the issue.
Topics: Animals; Fruit; Humans; Milk; Policy; Refuse Disposal; United States; Vegetables
PubMed: 35307180
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20994