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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024Poxviridae family includes several viruses that infecting humans usually causes skin lesions only, but in some cases their clinical course is complicated by viral... (Review)
Review
Poxviridae family includes several viruses that infecting humans usually causes skin lesions only, but in some cases their clinical course is complicated by viral pneumonia (with or without bacterial superinfections). Historically variola virus has been the poxviridae most frequently associated with the development of pneumonia with many large outbreaks worldwide before its eradication in 1980. It is still considered a biological threat for its potential in biological warfare and bioterrorism. Smallpox pneumonia can be severe with the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Vaccinia virus, used for vaccination against smallpox exceptionally, in immunocompromised patients, can induce generalized (with also lung involvement) severe disease after vaccination. MPXV virus occasionally can cause pneumonia particularly in immunocompromised patients. The pathophysiology of poxviridae pneumonia is still an area of active research; however, in animal models these viruses can cause both direct damage to the lower airways epithelium and a hyperinflammatory syndrome, like a cytokine storm. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion have also been described. The treatment of poxviridae pneumonia is mainly based on careful supportive care. Despite the absence of randomized clinical trials in patients with poxviridae pneumonia there are antiviral drugs, such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir, FDA-approved for use in smallpox and also available under an expanded access protocol for treatment of MPXV. There are 2 (replication-deficient modified vaccinia Ankara and replication-competent vaccinia virus) smallpox vaccines FDA-approved with the first one also approved for prevention of MPXV in adults that are at high risk of infection.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Poxviridae Infections; Antiviral Agents; Pneumonia, Viral; Poxviridae; Vaccinia virus; Smallpox; Variola virus
PubMed: 38801579
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_12 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Jan 1991A 19-year-old veterinary nurse developed a cowpox/catpox virus (CPV) infection of her right third finger following a scratch from a tom cat suffering from pneumonia. The...
A 19-year-old veterinary nurse developed a cowpox/catpox virus (CPV) infection of her right third finger following a scratch from a tom cat suffering from pneumonia. The clinical course and investigation of the infection are described and the differential diagnosis discussed.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Blotting, Western; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cowpox; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Reservoirs; Female; Humans; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Skin; Zoonoses
PubMed: 1847067
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb03285.x -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA Mar 2019Poxviruses are an unusual family of large double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses that exhibit an incredible degree of self-sufficiency and complexity in their replication and... (Review)
Review
Poxviruses are an unusual family of large double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses that exhibit an incredible degree of self-sufficiency and complexity in their replication and immune evasion strategies. Indeed, amongst their approximately 200 open reading frames (ORFs), poxviruses encode approximately 100 immunomodulatory proteins to counter host responses along with complete DNA synthesis, transcription, mRNA processing and cytoplasmic redox systems that enable them to replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. However, like all other viruses poxviruses do not encode ribosomes and therefore remain completely dependent on gaining access to the host translational machinery in order to synthesize viral proteins. Early studies of these intriguing viruses helped discover the mRNA cap and polyadenylated (polyA) tail that we now know to be present on most eukaryotic messages and which play fundamental roles in mRNA translation, while more recent studies have begun to reveal the remarkable lengths poxviruses go to in order to control both host and viral protein synthesis. Here, we discuss some of the central strategies used by poxviruses and the broader battle that ensues with the host cell to control the translation system, the outcome of which ultimately dictates the fate of infection. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Regulation.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Protein Biosynthesis; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 30381906
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1515 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020As pattern recognition receptors, cytosolic DNA sensors quickly induce an effective innate immune response. Poxvirus, a large DNA virus, is capable of evading the host... (Review)
Review
As pattern recognition receptors, cytosolic DNA sensors quickly induce an effective innate immune response. Poxvirus, a large DNA virus, is capable of evading the host antiviral innate immune response. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on how poxvirus is sensed by the host innate immune system and how poxvirus-encoded proteins antagonize DNA sensors. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between poxvirus and DNA-sensing antiviral immune responses of the host will contribute to the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines in the future.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; DNA, Viral; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; DNA-Binding Proteins; Disease Resistance; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Nuclear Proteins; Nucleotidyltransferases; Phosphoproteins; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptor 9
PubMed: 32983084
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01637 -
International Reviews of Immunology 2004The following excellent reviews have been published on poxviruses and apoptosis during the last few years: P.C. Turner and R.W. Moyer, Semin. Virology, 8: 453-469, 1998;... (Review)
Review
The following excellent reviews have been published on poxviruses and apoptosis during the last few years: P.C. Turner and R.W. Moyer, Semin. Virology, 8: 453-469, 1998; J.L. Shisler and B. Moss, Semin. Immunol., 13: 67-72, 2001; and H. Everett and G. McFadden, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 5: 395-402, 2002. These articles dealt with the viral products and the mechanisms by which they interfere with apoptosis. In this review, we summarize new and old information and also introduce a new approach to explore interactions between the host cell and the replicating virus.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Humans; NF-kappa B; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Vaccinia virus
PubMed: 14690855
DOI: 10.1080/08830180490265547 -
Annales de Dermatologie Et de... May 2019Poxvirus (PXV) infections are a common cause of cutaneous signs. In France, certain forms of poxvirus are frequent and benign (molluscum contagiosum), while others are... (Review)
Review
Poxvirus (PXV) infections are a common cause of cutaneous signs. In France, certain forms of poxvirus are frequent and benign (molluscum contagiosum), while others are rare but potentially serious (cowpox virus [CPXV]). Whereas only smallpox and molluscum contagiosum viruses have a human reservoir and are transmitted between humans, most poxvirus infections are zoonoses having only animal reservoirs. Only a small number of poxviruses are responsible for infection in humans, but the increasing number of new pets, some of which are exotic, coupled with the rapid rise in international travel are creating a greater risk of transmission of zoonotic PXV to new vectors and of spread of these diseases to new regions throughout the world. In France, molluscum contagiosum, orf and milkers' nodule give rise to numerous consultations and are well known to dermatologists. However, dermatologists must also be able to identify other parapoxviruses of similar presentation to orf; thus, CPXV and monkeypox are considered potentially emergent viruses with a high risk of epidemic and spread due to increasing international transport and the loss of the maximum protection against smallpox. Finally, despite its declared eradication, smallpox is currently being monitored because of the potential risk of reintroduction, whether accidentally or deliberately through bioterrorism.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Cowpox; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Reservoirs; France; Humans; Molluscum Contagiosum; Pets; Poxviridae Infections; Skin Diseases, Viral; Smallpox; Zoonoses
PubMed: 31079914
DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2019.03.001 -
The Veterinary Record Feb 2023
Topics: Animals; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Sciuridae; Rodent Diseases
PubMed: 36734577
DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2709 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Mar 2021Goatpox is a viral disease caused by infection with goatpox virus (GTPV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Capripoxviruses cause serious disease to...
BACKGROUND
Goatpox is a viral disease caused by infection with goatpox virus (GTPV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Capripoxviruses cause serious disease to livestock and contribute to huge economic losses. Goatpox and sheeppox are endemic to Africa, particularly north of the Equator, the Middle East and many parts of Asia. GTPV and sheeppox virus are considered host-specific; however, both strains can cause clinical disease in either goats or sheep with more severe disease in the homologous species and mild or sub-clinical infection in the other. Goatpox has never been reported in Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia despite the huge population of goats living in proximity with sheep in those countries. To evaluate the susceptibility and pathogenicity of indigenous North African goats to GTPV infection, we experimentally inoculated eight locally bred goats with a virulent Vietnamese isolate of GTPV. Two uninfected goats were kept as controls. Clinical examination was carried out daily and blood was sampled for virology and for investigating the antibody response. After necropsy, tissues were collected and assessed for viral DNA using real-time PCR.
RESULTS
Following the experimental infection, all inoculated goats displayed clinical signs characteristic of goatpox including varying degrees of hyperthermia, loss of appetite, inactivity and cutaneous lesions. The infection severely affected three of the infected animals while moderate to mild disease was noticed in the remaining goats. A high antibody response was developed. High viral DNA loads were detected in skin crusts and nodules, and subcutaneous tissue at the injection site with cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 14.6 to 22.9, while lower viral loads were found in liver and lung (Ct = 35.7 and 35.1). The results confirmed subcutaneous tropism of the virus.
CONCLUSION
Clinical signs of goatpox were reproduced in indigenous North African goats and confirmed a high susceptibility of the North African goat breed to GTPV infection. A clinical scoring system is proposed that can be applied in GTPV vaccine efficacy studies.
Topics: Africa, Northern; Animals; Capripoxvirus; Goat Diseases; Goats; Male; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 33663573
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00574-2 -
Skinmed 2002
Topics: Back; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Knee; Middle Aged; Poxviridae Infections; Skin Diseases, Viral; Travel; Tumor Virus Infections; Yatapoxvirus; Zoonoses
PubMed: 14673345
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2002.01778.x -
Journal of the European Academy of... Apr 2018Milker's nodule virus, also called paravaccinia virus, is a DNA virus of the parapoxvirus genus transmitted from infected cows to humans. It results from contact with... (Review)
Review
Milker's nodule virus, also called paravaccinia virus, is a DNA virus of the parapoxvirus genus transmitted from infected cows to humans. It results from contact with cattle, cattle by-products or fomites. Classified as an occupational disorder, those at risk of exposure include farmers, butchers and agricultural tourists. The viral infection begins 5-15 days after inoculation as an erythematous-purple, round nodule with a clear depressed centre and a surrounding erythematous ring. While familiar to those in farming communities, the presence of the nodule may be concerning to others, particularly the immunosuppressed. Milker's nodules are self-limited in immunocompetent individuals and heal without scarring within 8 weeks. Another member of the Parapoxvirus genus, the orf virus, is also transmitted from animals to humans by direct contact. While complications are rare, haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are at risk of graft-versus-host disease, as the parapoxvirus may trigger these complications in immunocompromised individuals. In addition, paravaccinia may serve as the antigen source for the development of erythema multiforme. The unique structure and replication process of viruses in the Poxvirus family, while includes the Parapoxvirus genus, have been a focus for treatment of infections and cancer. Manipulation of these viruses has demonstrated promising therapeutic possibilities as vectors for vaccines and oncologic therapy.
Topics: Aminoquinolines; Animals; Antiviral Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Idoxuridine; Imiquimod; Immunocompetence; Immunocompromised Host; Occupational Diseases; Poxviridae Infections; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29125649
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14687