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Emerging Infectious Diseases Feb 2023To investigate animal reservoirs of monkeypox virus in Nigeria, we sampled 240 rodents during 2018-2019. Molecular (real-time PCR) and serologic (IgM) evidence indicated...
To investigate animal reservoirs of monkeypox virus in Nigeria, we sampled 240 rodents during 2018-2019. Molecular (real-time PCR) and serologic (IgM) evidence indicated orthopoxvirus infections, but presence of monkeypox virus was not confirmed. These results can be used to develop public health interventions to reduce human infection with orthopoxviruses.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Rodentia; Nigeria; Poxviridae Infections; Monkeypox virus; Orthopoxvirus
PubMed: 36692495
DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.221411 -
Hand Clinics Nov 1989This article has concentrated on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of viral infections of the hand. Some of these entities are quite common, but are... (Review)
Review
This article has concentrated on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of viral infections of the hand. Some of these entities are quite common, but are often misdiagnosed. Herpes simplex appears to be the most common viral infection involving the hand. These and other viral infections can have much graver consequences in immunosuppressed patients. Recurrent episodes are common in herpetic and other viral infections. Health care workers have long been at risk, but improved compliance with prophylactic measures would seem to be decreasing the number of cases in this population. A plea has been made to disregard the term herpetic whitlow because it is an inaccurate description of the lesion and implies that an inappropriate type of treatment is required. Bacterial whitlows or felons require incision and drainage of the deep pulp space. Herpetic infections in this area do not. Less common infections such as cowpox, pseudocowpox (milkers nodules), ORF, and coxsackievirus (HFMD) infection of the hand have been brought to the attention of the reader. The bothersome warts caused by the human papillomavirus have been described and the systemic ramifications of hand-to-hand contact and hand injury causing more serious viral problems has been mentioned. A common thread in the care of the patient with these types of diseases is that an adequate history and physical remain invaluable in arriving at the correct diagnosis. With this correct diagnosis all of us, as physicians, then can easily abide by one of our basic principles Primum non nocere, "Let me help--but first let me do no harm."
Topics: Coxsackievirus Infections; Hand Dermatoses; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Poxviridae Infections; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 2553755
DOI: No ID Found -
Viruses Apr 2014Poxviruses are important pathogens of man and numerous domestic and wild animal species. Cross species (including zoonotic) poxvirus infections can have drastic... (Review)
Review
Poxviruses are important pathogens of man and numerous domestic and wild animal species. Cross species (including zoonotic) poxvirus infections can have drastic consequences for the recipient host. Bats are a diverse order of mammals known to carry lethal viral zoonoses such as Rabies, Hendra, Nipah, and SARS. Consequent targeted research is revealing bats to be infected with a rich diversity of novel viruses. Poxviruses were recently identified in bats and the settings in which they were found were dramatically different. Here, we review the natural history of poxviruses in bats and highlight the relationship of the viruses to each other and their context in the Poxviridae family. In addition to considering the zoonotic potential of these viruses, we reflect on the broader implications of these findings. Specifically, the potential to explore and exploit this newfound relationship to study coevolution and cross species transmission together with fundamental aspects of poxvirus host tropism as well as bat virology and immunology.
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Zoonoses
PubMed: 24704730
DOI: 10.3390/v6041564 -
Journal of Comparative Pathology 2012
Topics: Animals; Capripoxvirus; History, 20th Century; Poxviridae Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 22382004
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.01.014 -
Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology,... 1983Human monkeypox, occurring in the tropical rainforest of west and central Africa, is regarded as the most important orthopoxvirus infection for epidemiological...
Human monkeypox, occurring in the tropical rainforest of west and central Africa, is regarded as the most important orthopoxvirus infection for epidemiological surveillance during the post-smallpox era. This disease, first recognized in Zaïre in 1970 resembles smallpox clinically but differs epidemiologically. Clinical features, their evolution and sequelae of monkeypox could be compared with discrete ordinary or modified type of smallpox. A case-fatality rate of 14% has been observed but some cases can be exceedingly mild or atypical and may easily remain undetected and unreported. Pronounced lymphadenopathy has been the only clinical feature found commonly in monkeypox but not in smallpox. Fifty-seven cases of human monkeypox have occurred since 1970, in the tropical rainforests in six west and central African countries, the majority of them (45) being reported from Zaïre. The disease appears to be more frequent in dry season. Children below ten years of age comprise 84% of the cases. Smallpox vaccination protects against monkeypox. Clusters of cases have been observed in certain areas within countries and within affected households. Human-to-human spread has possibly occurred seven times. No cases of possible tertiary spread were observed. The secondary attack rate among susceptible close household contacts was 10%, among all susceptible contacts 5%. This is much lower than that occurring with smallpox, which is between 25-40%. The limited avidity of monkeypox virus for human beings indicates that monkeypox is probably a zoonosis, although the animal reservoir(s) have not yet been identified. The low transmissibility, resulting in low frequency of disease in man indicates that monkeypox is not a public health problem. Human monkeypox has been a relatively newly recognized disease. Studies are in progress to identify the natural cycle of monkeypox virus and to define better its clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Special surveillance is maintained in endemic areas with the aim to provide assurance that in spite of waning immunity of the human population following cessation of the smallpox vaccination, the disease does not constitute a potential danger to man.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Central; Africa, Western; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Monkeypox virus; Poxviridae Infections; Seasons; Smallpox; Zoonoses
PubMed: 6304185
DOI: No ID Found -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Feb 2018Sheep pox, a well-known endemic capripox infection, has significant impacts on small ruminant populations in Tunisia. It is responsible for high economic losses... (Review)
Review
Sheep pox, a well-known endemic capripox infection, has significant impacts on small ruminant populations in Tunisia. It is responsible for high economic losses throughout North Africa due to its enzootic nature and to the active animal transhumance existing in some governorates in Tunisia. The aim of this review was to analyse data gathered on annual vaccination campaigns designed to control its spread by reducing the level of endemicity and to describe diagnostic and management tools adapted to the Tunisian situation. Seasonal, temporal and spatial distributions of sheep pox outbreaks, as well as related clinical features, were found. It was concluded from this review that establishing strong herd immunization through individual animal immunization, creating adequate infrastructure, increasing awareness among breeders, setting up a field-based surveillance network and improving routine diagnostic methods need to be the major components of a programme to eradicate the disease. It was also felt that cost-benefit analyses of the surveillance and control strategies used would help in controlling its persistence.
Topics: Animals; Capripoxvirus; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; Immunization; Poxviridae Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Tunisia
PubMed: 28656654
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12656 -
Viruses Sep 2020Capripox viruses, with their members "lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)", "goatpox virus (GTPV)" and "sheeppox virus (SPPV)", are described as the most serious pox...
Capripox viruses, with their members "lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)", "goatpox virus (GTPV)" and "sheeppox virus (SPPV)", are described as the most serious pox diseases of production animals. A GTPV isolate and a SPPV isolate were sequenced in a combined approach using nanopore MinION sequencing to obtain long reads and Illumina high throughput sequencing for short precise reads to gain full-length high-quality genome sequences. Concomitantly, sheep and goats were inoculated with SPPV and GTPV strains, respectively. During the animal trial, varying infection routes were compared: a combined intravenous and subcutaneous infection, an only intranasal infection, and the contact infection between naïve and inoculated animals. Sheep inoculated with SPPV showed no clinical signs, only a very small number of genome-positive samples and a low-level antibody reaction. In contrast, all GTPV inoculated or in-contact goats developed severe clinical signs with high viral genome loads observed in all tested matrices. Furthermore, seroconversion was detected in nearly all goats and no differences concerning the severity of the disease depending on the inoculation route were observed. Conclusively, the employed SPPV strain has the properties of an attenuated vaccine strain, consistent with the genetic data, whereas the GTPV strain represents a highly virulent field strain.
Topics: Animals; Capripoxvirus; DNA, Viral; Female; Genome, Viral; Goat Diseases; Goats; Male; Phylogeny; Poxviridae Infections; Ruminants; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 32998423
DOI: 10.3390/v12101098 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Oct 2009The orchestration of the inflammatory responses to both infection and tissue damage is arguably the key physiological function of NF-kappaB, and thus interference with... (Review)
Review
The orchestration of the inflammatory responses to both infection and tissue damage is arguably the key physiological function of NF-kappaB, and thus interference with the activation of NF-kappaB represents an exceptional strategy for a successful pathogen to exploit to counter multiple host innate defense processes through the targeting of a single host regulatory pathway. Because of their large genomes, which typically encode approximately 200 proteins, and their unusual independence from the host nuclear transcriptional machinery, poxviruses are especially well suited to manipulate the cytoplasmic activation of NF-kappaB. Indeed, poxviruses are known to encode multiple proteins that regulate the activation of NF-kappaB in a variety of different ways and these can be considered potential paradigms for the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies and more effective vaccines. Given the renewed interest in the pathogenesis of orthopoxviruses like smallpox and monkeypox, we review the current understanding of how the various classes of poxviral immunomodulatory proteins target and manipulate the NF-kappaB pathway.
Topics: Ankyrins; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Humans; Ligands; NF-kappa B; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Pyrin; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 19738427
DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.19.9683 -
Research in Veterinary Science Feb 2016Goatpox, caused by goatpox virus (GTPV), is one of the most serious infectious diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality in goats. However, little is known...
Goatpox, caused by goatpox virus (GTPV), is one of the most serious infectious diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality in goats. However, little is known about involvement of host innate immunity during the GTPV infection. For this, goats were experimentally infected with GTPV. The results showed that GTPV infection significantly induced mRNA expression of type I interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β in peripheral blood lymphocytes, spleen and lung. In addition, GTPV infection enhanced expression of several inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18; and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Strikingly, infection with GTPV activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), a critical cytokine signaling molecule. Interestingly, the virus infection induced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1. Importantly, the infection resulted in an increased expression of some critical interferon-stimulated genes, such as interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) 1, IFITM3, interferon stimulated gene (ISG) 15 and ISG20. Furthermore, we found that infection with GTPV up-regulated expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9. These results revealed that GTPV infection activated host innate immune signaling and thereby triggered antiviral innate immunity. The findings provide novel insights into complex mechanisms underlying GTPV-host interaction and pathogenesis of GTPV.
Topics: Animals; Capripoxvirus; Cytokines; Goat Diseases; Goats; Immunity, Innate; Interferons; Lung; Lymphocytes; Poxviridae Infections; Random Allocation; Signal Transduction; Spleen
PubMed: 26850535
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.006 -
Vaccine Oct 1993The capripoxviruses cause the most severe pox diseases of animals. Epidemiologically the diseases of sheep pox, goat pox and lumpy skin disease differ, but all three... (Review)
Review
The capripoxviruses cause the most severe pox diseases of animals. Epidemiologically the diseases of sheep pox, goat pox and lumpy skin disease differ, but all three viruses may be mechanically transmitted by biting insects, and control without vaccination is extremely difficult in endemic areas. Recently developed live attenuated vaccines provide good, virtually lifelong, protection, which is dependent on stimulating cell-mediated immunity. Lumpy skin disease currently threatens to extend beyond its existing boundaries, causing concern and renewed interest in vaccine development. With the capripoxviruses showing great promise as vector vaccines, widespread use of a recombinant vaccine seems increasingly likely.
Topics: Animals; Capripoxvirus; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Goat Diseases; Goats; Immunotherapy; Infection Control; Poxviridae Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 8296478
DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90094-e