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Virus Research May 2016High-throughput genomics technologies are currently being used to study a wide variety of viral infections, providing insight into which cellular genes and pathways are... (Review)
Review
High-throughput genomics technologies are currently being used to study a wide variety of viral infections, providing insight into which cellular genes and pathways are regulated after infection, and how these changes are related, or not, to efficient elimination of the pathogen. This article will focus on how gene expression studies of infections with non-replicative poxviruses currently used as vaccine vectors provide a global perspective of the molecular events associated with the viral infection in human cells. These high-throughput genomics approaches have the potential to lead to the identification of specific new properties of the viral vector or novel cellular targets that may aid in the development of more effective pox-derived vaccines and antivirals.
Topics: Animals; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26519757
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.008 -
Microbiology and Immunology 2002The possibility of persistent parapoxvirus (PPV) infection was investigated by serologically and genetically using cattle infected with the virus experimentally and...
The possibility of persistent parapoxvirus (PPV) infection was investigated by serologically and genetically using cattle infected with the virus experimentally and naturally. Three cattle were inoculated with the virus subcutaneously at several spots in the lips and abdominal regions. Small papules developed in the inoculated regions, and antibodies to the virus developed and continued persistently. One animal, from which one PPV had been previously isolated, was also subjected to serological and viral detection tests as a naturally infected case. Two of these four cattle were injected with dexamethasone (DM), and one was injected with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The viral genome was rarely detected from the peripheral blood leukocytes in the ordinary condition, but frequently when the animals were injected with IFN-gamma. The viral genome was also detected from the lymph nodes as these PPV infected animals were euthanized. These results indicated that cattle were infected with PPV subclinically and persistently, and the virus was activated in stressed or immunosuppressed animals. The virus would be harbored in the lymphotic tissues of the animals when they show no clinical symptoms.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Blotting, Southern; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cells, Cultured; DNA, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Immunocompetence; Interferon-gamma; Parapoxvirus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 12061631
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02697.x -
Epidemiology and Infection Jan 2016
Topics: Adult; Antiviral Agents; Ecthyma, Contagious; Erythema Multiforme; Humans; Italy; Male; Orf virus; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 26113387
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268815001077 -
Journal of Medical Primatology 1990The recent occurrence of fatal Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) infection in human subjects has again focused the attention of primatologists on this virus. B virus,... (Review)
Review
The recent occurrence of fatal Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) infection in human subjects has again focused the attention of primatologists on this virus. B virus, however, is only one of a number of viral diseases that plays a role in primate colony management. This report is to emphasize to the primatologist a number of viruses other than H. simiae, with high morbidity and mortality rates, of importance for health management of nonhuman primate animal colonies. This concept is supported by the recent occurrence in colonies of nonhuman primates of simian hemorrhagic fever virus, SA8, herpesvirus, respiratory syncytial virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Ebola virus, and simian immunodeficiency viruses.
Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Marburg Virus Disease; Measles; Poxviridae Infections; Primates; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 2174083
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024Poxviruses are large (200-450 nm) and enveloped viruses carrying double-stranded DNA genome with an epidermal cell-specific adaptation. The genus Orthopoxvirus within... (Review)
Review
Poxviruses are large (200-450 nm) and enveloped viruses carrying double-stranded DNA genome with an epidermal cell-specific adaptation. The genus Orthopoxvirus within Poxviridae family constitutes several medically and veterinary important viruses including variola (smallpox), vaccinia, monkeypox virus (MPXV), and cowpox. The monkeypox disease (mpox) has recently emerged as a public health emergency caused by MPXV. An increasing number of human cases of MPXV have been documented in non-endemic nations without any known history of contact with animals brought in from endemic and enzootic regions, nor have they involved travel to an area where the virus was typically prevalent. Here, we review the MPXV replication, virus pathobiology, mechanism of viral infection transmission, virus evasion the host innate immunity and antiviral therapies against Mpox. Moreover, preventive measures including vaccination were discussed and concluded that cross-protection against MPXV may be possible using antibodies that are directed against an Orthopoxvirus. Despite the lack of a specialised antiviral medication, several compounds such as Cidofovir and Ribavirin warrant consideration against mpox.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Monkeypox virus; Orthopoxvirus; Mpox (monkeypox); Antiviral Agents; Virus Replication; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 38801574
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_7 -
Acta Tropica Jun 2016Camelpox caused by a Camelpox virus (CMLV) is a very important host specific viral disease of camel. It is highly contagious in nature and causes serious impact on... (Review)
Review
Camelpox caused by a Camelpox virus (CMLV) is a very important host specific viral disease of camel. It is highly contagious in nature and causes serious impact on health even mortality of camels and economic losses to the camel owners. It manifests itself either in the local/mild or generalized/severe form. Various outbreaks of different pathogenicity have been reported from camel dwelling areas of the world. CMLV has been characterized in embryonated chicken eggs with the production of characteristic pock lesions and in various cell lines with the capacity to induce giant cells. Being of Poxviridae family, CMLV employs various strategies to impede host immune system and facilitates its own pathogenesis. Both live and attenuated vaccine has been found effective against CMLV infection. The present review gives a comprehensive overview of camelpox disease with respect to its transmission, epidemiology, virion characteristics, viral life cycle, host interaction and its immune modulation.
Topics: Animals; Camelus; Disease Outbreaks; Orthopoxvirus; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 26902797
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.014 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Jan 2020Bluetongue virus (Reoviridae; Orbivirus, BTV), which is usually transmitted by biting midges, affects wild and domestic ruminants worldwide, thereby causing an...
Bluetongue virus (Reoviridae; Orbivirus, BTV), which is usually transmitted by biting midges, affects wild and domestic ruminants worldwide, thereby causing an economically important disease. Recently, a putative new BTV strain was isolated from contaminated vaccine batches. In this study, we investigated the genomic and clinical characteristics of this isolate, provisionally designated BTV-28. Phylogenetic analysis of BTV-28 segment 2 (Seg-2) showed that it is related to Seg-2 from BTV serotypes 4, 10, 11, 17, 20 and 24, sharing 64%-66% identity in nucleotide sequences (nt) and 59%-62% in amino acid (aa) sequences of BTV VP2. BTV-28 Seg-6 is related to the newly reported XJ1407 BTV isolate, sharing 76.70% nt and 90.87% aa sequence identity. Seg-5 was most closely related to a South African BTV-4 strain, and all other segments showed close similarity to BTV-26. Experimental infection by injection of 6-month-old ewes caused clinical signs in all injected animals, lasting from 2 to 3 days to several weeks post-infection, including high body temperature, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge and rhinitis, facial oedema, oral hyperaemia, coronitis, cough, depression and tongue cyanosis. Naïve control animals, placed together with the infected sheep, displayed clinical signs and were positive for viral RNA, but their acute disease phase was shorter than that of BTV-injected ewes. Control animals that were kept in a separated pen did not display any clinical signs and were negative for viral RNA presence throughout the experiment. Seroconversion was observed in the injected and in one of the two contact-infected animals. These findings demonstrate that BTV-28 infection of sheep can result in clinical manifestation, and the clinical signs detected in the contact animals suggest that it might be directly transmitted between the mammalian hosts.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Capripoxvirus; Ceratopogonidae; Female; Phylogeny; Poxviridae Infections; RNA, Viral; Serogroup; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 31469936
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13338 -
Voprosy Virusologii 2019The abolition of smallpox vaccination has led to the disappearance of population immunity to pox viruses. However, the threat of infection by pathogenic orthopoxviruses...
INTRODUCTION
The abolition of smallpox vaccination has led to the disappearance of population immunity to pox viruses. However, the threat of infection by pathogenic orthopoxviruses persists and determines the need to develop sensitive and operational methods for indicating pathogens.
OBJECTIVES
Development of a sensitive, fast and easy-to-use immunochemical test for the detection of orthopoxviruses in the «point of care» format.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We used preparations of cultural vaccinia virus (VV) with varying degrees of purification, polyclonal antibodies from hyperimmune rabbit serum, and equipment from a previously developed autonomous kit for dot-immunoassay on flat protein arrays.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It has been established that rabbit polyclonal antibodies can be used in a single-stage dotanalysis, both as a capture agent immobilized on a substrate and as a detection reagent bound with colloidal gold particles. It is shown that the effectiveness of the detection of VV is inversely related to the degree of purification of viruses from sub-viral structures. The sensitivity of the rapid detection of viruses in a crude preparation was about 30 times higher than in pure viral material. The increase in sensitivity, presumably, occurs due to binding to the capture antibodies of subviral structures, which form large aggregates of sensitized gold particles. The test does not detect cross-reactions with heterogeneous viruses (measles, rubella and chickenpox) that cause exantematous diseases.
CONCLUSION
The one-stage variant of the dot-immunoassay reduces the analysis time to 40 minutes and improves the detection sensitivity of orthopoxviruses in crude viral preparations to the range of 10-10 PFU / ml. Full makeup, ease of analysis and the ability to visually accounting for results allow the test to be used outside of laboratories.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Humans; Immunoblotting; Immunohistochemistry; Orthopoxvirus; Poxviridae Infections; Rabbits; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Smallpox Vaccine; Time Factors
PubMed: 32168443
DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-6-291-297 -
The Journal of General Virology Jan 2011Smallpox is a human disease caused by infection with variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. Although smallpox has been eradicated, concern that it might be... (Review)
Review
Smallpox is a human disease caused by infection with variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. Although smallpox has been eradicated, concern that it might be reintroduced through bioterrorism has therefore led to intensive efforts to develop new vaccines and antiviral drugs against this disease. Because these vaccines and therapeutics cannot be tested in human trials, it is necessary to test such medical countermeasures in different animal models. Although several orthopoxviruses cause disease in laboratory animals, only rabbitpox virus (RPXV) infection of rabbits shows patterns of natural airborne transmission similar to smallpox. Studies have shown that a smallpox-like disease can be produced in rabbits in a controlled fashion through exposure to a small-particle RPXV aerosol, and rabbitpox spreads from animal to animal by the airborne route in a laboratory setting. This model can therefore be utilized to test drugs and vaccines against variola virus and other aerosolized orthopoxviruses.
Topics: Air Microbiology; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Poxviridae Infections; Rabbits; Rodent Diseases; Vaccinia virus
PubMed: 20965981
DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.026237-0 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Oct 2023Poxviruses belong to the Poxviridae family, a group of pathogens known for their high infectivity in humans, posing significant health threats. One of the most... (Review)
Review
Poxviruses belong to the Poxviridae family, a group of pathogens known for their high infectivity in humans, posing significant health threats. One of the most well-known representatives of poxvirus infections is smallpox, which has been successfully eradicated. However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence in cases of mpox, another member of the Poxviridae family, raising concerns about the potential for a global pandemic or a worldwide health crisis. While the typical clinical presentation of mpox and other poxvirus infections often involves cutaneous lesions, there have been reports of various atypical and non-classic clinical manifestations. Dermoscopy has emerged as a crucial diagnostic tool, aiding dermatologists in clinical practice to make informed decisions. In this summary, we provide an overview of the clinical and dermoscopic features of representative cutaneous lesions associated with human poxvirus infections, including mpox, orf, milker's nodule, and molluscum contagiosum.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Dermoscopy; Poxviridae Infections; Poxviridae
PubMed: 37881051
DOI: 10.1111/srt.13489