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Journal of Fish Diseases Oct 2017Gill diseases cause considerable losses in Norwegian salmon farming. In 2015, we characterized salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) and associated gill disease. Using newly... (Review)
Review
Gill diseases cause considerable losses in Norwegian salmon farming. In 2015, we characterized salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) and associated gill disease. Using newly developed diagnostic tools, we show here that SGPV infection is more widely distributed than previously assumed. We present seven cases of complex gill disease in Atlantic salmon farmed in seawater and freshwater from different parts of Norway. Apoptosis, the hallmark of acute SGPV infection, was not easily observed in these cases, and qPCR analysis was critical for identification of the presence of SGPV. Several other agents including Costia-like parasites, gill amoebas, Saprolegnia spp. and bacteria were observed. The studied populations experienced significant mortalities, which increased to extreme levels when severe SGPV infections coincided with smoltification. SGPV infection appears to affect the smoltification process directly by affecting the gills and chloride cells in particular. SGPV may be considered a primary pathogen as it was often found prior to identification of complex gill disease. It is hypothesized that SGPV-induced gill damage may impair innate immunity and allow invasion of secondary invaders. The distinct possibility that SGPV has been widely overlooked as a primary pathogen calls for extended use of SGPV qPCR in Atlantic salmon gill health management.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Fish Diseases; Fresh Water; Gills; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Salmo salar; Seawater
PubMed: 28105681
DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12608 -
Antiviral Research Sep 2011Sheeppox and goatpox, two endemic capripox infections in India, pose a significant economic threat to small ruminant productivity in the subcontinent. Vaccination of all... (Review)
Review
Sheeppox and goatpox, two endemic capripox infections in India, pose a significant economic threat to small ruminant productivity in the subcontinent. Vaccination of all susceptible sheep and goats is the feasible and sustainable means of control. Availability of effective live attenuated vaccines that are inherently thermostable and development of improved diagnostics provide the opportunities to initiate effective control measures for capripox. All animals older than 4 months can be vaccinated with the current homologous vaccines using a single vaccination by intradermal or subcutaneous routes. The success of the control program needs to be monitored by active surveillance particularly for the presence of virus, as sero-monitoring does not enable the differentiation of infection and vaccination. And also the sero-conversion following capripox vaccination is not detectable enough by the available tools. Sustained control efforts call for socio-economic and political stability, adequate infrastructure and logistic support to store and transport vaccines for reaching out vaccines to the remote end users. Availability of veterinary services, improved extension services for increased awareness among farmers, contribute significantly to the control campaigns. Poor vaccination coverage and in-adequate infrastructure in major parts of the country are some of the major elements that come in the way of effective implementation of building herd immunity through immunization.
Topics: Animals; Capripoxvirus; Disease Eradication; Goat Diseases; Goats; India; Organization and Administration; Politics; Poxviridae Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Socioeconomic Factors; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines; Zoonoses
PubMed: 21699920
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.06.004 -
Archives of Virology. Supplementum 1997The current members of the genus parapoxvirus are orf virus (ORFV), bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) and parapoxvirus of red deer in New... (Review)
Review
The current members of the genus parapoxvirus are orf virus (ORFV), bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) and parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ). BPSV and PCPV are maintained in cattle while ORFV is maintained in sheep and goats, but all three are zoonoses. Only the recently reported PVNZ has yet to be recorded as infecting humans. Tentative members of the genus are camel contagious ecthyma virus, chamois contagious ecthyma virus and sealpoxvirus. The separation of the parapoxviruses into 4 distinct groups has been based on natural host range, pathology and, more recently, on restriction endonuclease and DNA/DNA hybridisation analyses. The latter studies have shown that the parapoxviruses share extensive homology between central regions of their genomes, but much lower levels of relatedness within the genome termini. The high G + C content of parapoxvirus DNA is in contrast to most other poxviruses and suggests that a significant genetic divergence from other genera of this family has occurred. DNA sequencing of portions of the genome of ORFV, the type species of the genus, has allowed a detailed comparison with the fully sequenced genome of the orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV). These studies have provided a genetic map of ORFV and revealed a central core of 88 kbp within which the genomic content was strikingly similar to that of VACV. This conservation is not maintained in the genome termini where insertions, deletions and translocations have occurred. The characterisation of specific ORFV genes may lead to the construction of attenuated vaccine strains in which genes such as those with the potential to interfere with the immune response of the host have been deleted. The current ORFV vaccines are living unattenuated virus and vaccination lesions produce virus which contaminates the environment in a manner similar to natural infection. The virus in scab material is relatively resistant to inactivation and this virus both perpetuates the disease in sheep and provides the most likely source of human infections. A vaccine which immunises animals without perpetuating the disease could be the best way of reducing the incidence of ORFV infection of humans. It is likely that protection against infection by ORFV is cell mediated and will require the endogenous production of relevant antigens. We have recently constructed a series of VACV recombinants each of which contains a large multigene fragment of ORFV DNA. Together the recombinants represent essentially all of the ORFV genome in an overlapping manner. Vaccination of sheep with the recombinant library provided protection against challenge with virulent ORFV. Further studies with this library may enable dominant protective antigens of ORFV to be identified and lead to their incorporation into a subunit vaccine.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Humans; Parapoxvirus; Poxviridae Infections; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 9413523
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_3 -
Viruses Mar 2023Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is now the most serious orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infection in humans. This zoonotic disease has been gradually re-emerging in humans with an... (Review)
Review
Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is now the most serious orthopoxvirus (OPXV) infection in humans. This zoonotic disease has been gradually re-emerging in humans with an increasing frequency of cases found in endemic areas, as well as an escalating frequency and size of epidemics outside of endemic areas in Africa. Currently, the largest known mpox epidemic is spreading throughout the world, with over 85,650 cases to date, mostly in Europe and North America. These increased endemic cases and epidemics are likely driven primarily by decreasing global immunity to OPXVs, along with other possible causes. The current unprecedented global outbreak of mpox has demonstrated higher numbers of human cases and greater human-to-human transmission than previously documented, necessitating an urgent need to better understand this disease in humans and animals. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections in animals, both naturally occurring and experimental, have provided critical information about the routes of transmission; the viral pathogenicity factors; the methods of control, such as vaccination and antivirals; the disease ecology in reservoir host species; and the conservation impacts on wildlife species. This review briefly described the epidemiology and transmission of MPXV between animals and humans and summarizes past studies on the ecology of MPXV in wild animals and experimental studies in captive animal models, with a focus on how animal infections have informed knowledge concerning various aspects of this pathogen. Knowledge gaps were highlighted in areas where future research, both in captive and free-ranging animals, could inform efforts to understand and control this disease in both humans and animals.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Monkeypox virus; Animals, Wild; Mpox (monkeypox); Zoonoses; Poxviridae Infections; Models, Animal
PubMed: 37112885
DOI: 10.3390/v15040905 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... May 2014Orf virus, which belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, induces a zoonotic infectious disease characterized by acute, highly vascularized cutaneous pustular lesions in sheep...
Orf virus, which belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, induces a zoonotic infectious disease characterized by acute, highly vascularized cutaneous pustular lesions in sheep and goats. A number of Orf outbreaks have been reported in sheep and goats in recent years, but no reports have described an Orf virus strain from humans in China. In this study, we diagnosed Orf virus infection in two people, a mother and son, in the Gansu province of China. The human Orf virus was isolated and its phylogenetic characterization was analyzed based on a complete B2L gene. The results are useful for developing prospective programs to control Orf virus infections in both goats and humans.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Base Sequence; China; DNA, Viral; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence Data; Orf virus; Phylogeny; Poxviridae Infections; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Viral Proteins; Zoonoses
PubMed: 24745915
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1445 -
Journal of Cutaneous Pathology Nov 2015
Topics: Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious
PubMed: 26247821
DOI: 10.1111/cup.12554 -
Viruses Mar 2021During 2019, five carcasses of juvenile Egyptian fruit bats () were submitted to the Kimron Veterinary Institute. These bats exhibited typical poxvirus like lesion...
During 2019, five carcasses of juvenile Egyptian fruit bats () were submitted to the Kimron Veterinary Institute. These bats exhibited typical poxvirus like lesion plaques of different sizes on the skin, abdomen and the ventral side of the wings. Clinical and histopathological findings suggested a poxvirus infection. Infectious virus was isolated from skin swabs, skin tissue and tongue of the dead bats and was further confirmed to be a Poxvirus by molecular diagnosis using PCR with pan-chordopoxviruses primers. All the dead bats were found positive for two Poxvirus genes encoding a metalloproteinase and DNA dependent DNA polymerase. In this study, a novel real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was established to further confirmed the presence of specific poxvirus viral DNA in all pathologically tested tissues. Moreover, according to sequence analysis, the virus was found to be highly similar to the recently discovered Israeli Pox Virus (IsrRAPXV).
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; DNA, Viral; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 33806696
DOI: 10.3390/v13030407 -
Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin.... Mar 1999Four dromedaries were infected with a virulent camelpox virus strain which was isolated from the lung of a Saudi Arabian camel. The camels which were infected...
Four dromedaries were infected with a virulent camelpox virus strain which was isolated from the lung of a Saudi Arabian camel. The camels which were infected intradermally and subcutaneously developed severe generalized camelpox. One of these camels had to be euthanized on humane grounds and the second one died 13 days after being infected. This dromedary also developed internal pox. Neither dromedary showed camelpox antibodies before infection. The other two camels which had been vaccinated with Ducapox 6 years prior to the viral challenge did not develop any clinical symptoms when given 5 ml of the field virus intravenously and intramuscularly. They seroconverted after the challenge. Although only two camels were used for this trial, the results indicate that a single dose of Ducapox can protect 1-year-old camels from camelpox infection for several years.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Camelus; Lung; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Saudi Arabia; Vaccination; Virulence
PubMed: 10216456
DOI: 10.1111/j.0931-1793.1999.00250.x -
Viruses Aug 2017Taterapox virus (TATV), which was isolated from an African gerbil () in 1975, is the most closely related virus to variola; however, only the original report has...
Taterapox virus (TATV), which was isolated from an African gerbil () in 1975, is the most closely related virus to variola; however, only the original report has examined its virology. We have evaluated the tropism of TATV in vivo in small animals. We found that TATV does not infect , a species of African dormouse, but does induce seroconversion in the Mongolian gerbil () and in mice; however, in wild-type mice and gerbils, the virus produces an unapparent infection. Following intranasal and footpad inoculations with 1 × 10⁶ plaque forming units (PFU) of TATV, immunocompromised mice showed signs of disease but did not die; however, SCID mice were susceptible to intranasal and footpad infections with 100% mortality observed by Day 35 and Day 54, respectively. We show that death is unlikely to be a result of the virus mutating to have increased virulence and that SCID mice are capable of transmitting TATV to C57BL/6 and C57BL/6 animals; however, transmission did not occur from TATV inoculated wild-type or mice. Comparisons with ectromelia (the etiological agent of mousepox) suggest that TATV behaves differently both at the site of inoculation and in the immune response that it triggers.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Ectromelia virus; Ectromelia, Infectious; Host Specificity; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, SCID; Orthopoxvirus; Poxviridae Infections; STAT1 Transcription Factor; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 28763036
DOI: 10.3390/v9080203 -
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chinese... Oct 2022Monkeypox is a zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus belongs to the genus in the family, which is regarded as the most important infection in human...
Monkeypox is a zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus belongs to the genus in the family, which is regarded as the most important infection in human beings after the extinction of smallpox. Since the first human monkeypox case was reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970, monkeypox has become endemic in Central and West African. From May 6 to July 15, 2022, monkeypox has broken out in many countries. Monkeypox cases have been detected in 62 countries and regions. Moreover, human to human transmission has occurred and attracted high global attention. Monkeypox virus has been discovered for more than 60 years, but the understanding and research of its natural host, epidemiological characteristics and treatment are still relatively limited. Therefore, this study analyzes the epidemic situation, the possible causes of the outbreak and the future key research directions, and puts forward countermeasures to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of monkeypox.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Prevalence; Poxviridae Infections; Zoonoses
PubMed: 36274606
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20220626-00656