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PloS One 2016According to Joint National Committee-7 (JNC-7) guidelines, a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 120 to 139 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 80 to 89 mm Hg...
INTRODUCTION
According to Joint National Committee-7 (JNC-7) guidelines, a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 120 to 139 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 80 to 89 mm Hg is considered as pre-hypertension. Existing evidence suggest that the cardiovascular morbidities are increasing among pre-hypertensive individuals compared to normal.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the magnitude and factors associated with pre-hypertension among young adults (20-30 years) in coastal villages of Udupi Taluk (an area of land with a city or town that serves as its administrative centre and usually a number of villages), Udupi District, Karnataka state, India.
DESIGN
Community based cross sectional study.
SETTING
6 (out of total 14) coastal villages of Udupi Taluk, Karnataka state, India.
SAMPLE
1,152 young adults (age group: 20-30 years) selected by stratified random sampling in 6 coastal villages of Udupi Taluk, Karnataka state, India.
METHOD
A semi structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to elicit the details on socio-demographic variables, dietary habits, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical activity, family history of hypertension and stress levels. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were recorded according to standard protocols. Serum cholesterol was measured in a sub sample of the study population. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify the independent correlates of pre-hypertension among young adults (20-30 years).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Prevalence, Odds ratio (OR) and adjusted (adj) OR for pre-hypertension among young adults (20-30 years).
RESULTS
The prevalence of pre-hypertension in the study population was 45.2% (95%CI: 42.4-48). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age group of 25-30 years (adj OR: 4.25, 95% CI: 2.99-6.05), white collared (adj OR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.08-4.85) and skilled occupation (adj OR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.64-6.42), students (adj OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.22-4.95), using refined cooking oil (adj OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.95), extra salt in meals (adj OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.52-3.99), salty food items (adj OR: 6.99, 95% CI: 3.63-13.48), pre-obese (adj OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.03-2.67) and obese (adj OR: 9.16, 95% CI: 2.54, 36.4) were the significant correlates of pre-hypertension.
CONCLUSION
In the study population, prevalence of pre-hypertension among young adults (20-30 years) was high (45.2%). Biological (age 25-30 years, pre-obesity and obesity) and behavioral (sedentary occupation, intake of extra salt in meals/salty food and not using refined cooking oil) factors were associated with pre-hypertension. Study emphasizes the need of community based screening of pre-hypertension under National Rural Health Mission. It also provides apt information for the evidence based designing of interventions for lifestyle modifications among high risk young adults in the study area.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; India; Life Style; Logistic Models; Male; Obesity; Occupations; Odds Ratio; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 27128029
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154538 -
Trials Mar 2011Blood pressure (BP) within pre-hypertensive levels confers higher cardiovascular risk and is an intermediate stage for full hypertension, which develops in an annual... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Blood pressure (BP) within pre-hypertensive levels confers higher cardiovascular risk and is an intermediate stage for full hypertension, which develops in an annual rate of 7 out of 100 individuals with 40 to 50 years of age. Non-drug interventions to prevent hypertension have had low effectiveness. In individuals with previous cardiovascular disease or diabetes, the use of BP-lowering agents reduces the incidence of major cardiovascular events. In the absence of higher baseline risk, the use of BP agents reduces the incidence of hypertension. The PREVER-prevention trial aims to investigate the efficacy, safety and feasibility of a population-based intervention to prevent the incidence of hypertension and the development of target-organ damage.
METHODS
This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, with participants aged 30 to 70 years, with pre-hypertension. The trial arms will be chlorthalidone 12.5 mg plus amiloride 2.5 mg or identical placebo. The primary outcomes will be the incidence of hypertension, adverse events and development or worsening of microalbuminuria and of left ventricular hypertrophy in the EKG. The secondary outcomes will be fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events: myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, evidence of new sub-clinical atherosclerosis, and sudden death. The study will last 18 months. The sample size was calculated on the basis of an incidence of hypertension of 14% in the control group, a size effect of 40%, power of 85% and P alpha of 5%, resulting in 625 participants per group. The project was approved by the Ethics committee of each participating institution.
DISCUSSION
The early use of blood pressure-lowering drugs, particularly diuretics, which act on the main mechanism of blood pressure rising with age, may prevent cardiovascular events and the incidence of hypertension in individuals with hypertension. If this intervention shows to be effective and safe in a population-based perspective, it could be the basis for an innovative public health program to prevent hypertension in Brazil.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinical Trials NCT00970931.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Amiloride; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Brazil; Chlorthalidone; Diuretics; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Placebo Effect; Prehypertension; Research Design; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 21375762
DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-65 -
Journal of Human Hypertension May 2018In Bangladesh, morbidity and mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has increased over the last few decades. Hypertension is an important risk factor for...
In Bangladesh, morbidity and mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has increased over the last few decades. Hypertension is an important risk factor for NCDs, specifically cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to assess prevalence and risk factors for hypertension and pre-hypertension among adults in Bangladesh. Data for this analysis were collected during the national NCD Risk Factor Survey of Bangladesh conducted in 2010 from a representative sample of men and women, aged 25 years or above. The survey adopted a multistage, geographically clustered, probability-based sampling approach. WHO STEPS questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, behavioral risk factors, and physical measurements. Overall, 20% of the study population were hypertensive at study measurement. The prevalence of hypertension increased with age and body mass index (BMI). Twelve percent of the population were previously diagnosed with hypertension. Among these individuals, nearly half were not taking any medications to control their hypertension. Additionally, the prevalence of pre-hypertension was 43%, with higher levels among males, older age groups, and those with higher education, higher wealth index and high BMI. Predictors of hypertension, included older age, high BMI, and diabetes comorbidity. Based on this study, we estimate that 1 out of 5 Bangladeshi adults have hypertension. The risk of hypertension increases with older age and high BMI. Additionally, prevalence of pre-hypertension is high in Bangladesh in both rural and urban areas. Findings from this study can be used to inform public health programming to control the spread of NCDs in Bangladesh.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antihypertensive Agents; Bangladesh; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29230005
DOI: 10.1038/s41371-017-0018-x -
Journal of the American College of... Dec 2012
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Prehypertension
PubMed: 23194950
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.061 -
Archives of Iranian Medicine Jul 2016Hypertension is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Yet, Nation-wide prevalence and trend reports in developing countries are sparsely available.
BACKGROUND
Hypertension is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Yet, Nation-wide prevalence and trend reports in developing countries are sparsely available.
METHODS
Data from three cycles of Survey of Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD) 2005 - 2011 were aggregated. In 2011, 8218 adults aged 25 - 70 years were enrolled. For trend analysis 68850, 4184, and 7416 adults aged 25 - 64 years were included from 2005, 2007, and 2011 surveys, respectively. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, or receiving anti-hypertensive medication. Pre-hypertension was defined as SBP between 120 - 139 or DBP between 80 - 89 mmHg. The status of awareness, non-pharmacologic treatment (management), pharmacologic treatment, and control (SBP < 140 mmHg, and DBP < 90 mmHg) among hypertensive individuals were also determined.
RESULTS
25.6% (95%CI: 23.5 - 27.5) of the adults aged 25 - 70 years had hypertension and 39.8% (95%CI: 37.8 - 41.9) had pre-hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was greater among older adults (P < 0.001), women (P = 0.013), and urban-dwellers (P = 0.027). In 2005 - 2011, the proportion of adults with hypertension (25.7% to 24.1%) and pre-hypertension (45.5% to 40.4%) significantly decreased. In 2011, rates for awareness, management, treatment, and control among hypertensives were 43.2% (95%CI: 40.0 - 46.4), 40.3% (95%CI: 37.0 - 43.6), 34.8% (95%CI: 31.5 - 38.2), and 38.6% (95%CI: 33.1 - 44.2), respectively. Over time, status of awareness, management, treatment and control was significantly improved and was more salient among men (P < 0.05 for all analyses).
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension is gradually declining. Despite improvements in awareness, management, treatment and control, these decline rates are still low and initiative strategies need to be implemented to further improve the current status.
Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Hypertension; Iran; Linear Models; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Prehypertension; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 27362238
DOI: No ID Found -
Environmental Health and Preventive... Jun 2020The aim in this literature review was (1) to explore the physiologically and psychologically therapeutic benefits of forest bathing on adults suffering from... (Review)
Review
The aim in this literature review was (1) to explore the physiologically and psychologically therapeutic benefits of forest bathing on adults suffering from pre-hypertension or hypertension, and (2) to identify the type, duration, and frequency of an effective forest bathing intervention in the management of pre-hypertension and hypertension, so as to provide directions for future interventions or research. The electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsyINFO, and the China Academic Journals (CAJ) offered through the Full-text Database (CNKI) were searched for relevant studies published from the inception of the databases to April 2019. Of the 364 articles that were identified, 14 met the criteria for inclusion in this review. The synthesis of the findings in the included studies revealed that forest bathing interventions were effective at reducing blood pressure, lowering pulse rate, increasing the power of heart rate variability (HRV), improving cardiac-pulmonary parameters, and metabolic function, inducing a positive mood, reducing anxiety levels, and improving the quality of life of pre-hypertensive or hypertensive participants. Forest walking and forest therapy programs were the two most effective forest bathing interventions. Studies reported that practicing a single forest walking or forest therapy program can produce short-term physiological and psychological benefits. It is concluded that forest bathing, particularly forest walking and therapy, has physiologically and psychologically relaxing effects on middle-aged and elderly people with pre-hypertension and hypertension.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Forests; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Prehypertension; Relaxation Therapy; Young Adult
PubMed: 32571202
DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00856-7 -
Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi Apr 2021To investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of pre-hypertension and hypertension in young and middle-aged population in Nanjing. Subjects of the study...
To investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of pre-hypertension and hypertension in young and middle-aged population in Nanjing. Subjects of the study were those who underwent physical examination in the physical examination center of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from 2009 to 2016. The prevalence and risk factors of pre-hypertension and hypertension in young (aged 18-44 years old) and middle-aged people (aged 45-59 years old) were analyzed. A total of 142 857 participants aged 18-59 years old were analyzed. Among them, 64 220 cases in the pre-hypertension group and 13 912 cases in the hypertension group. The prevalence of hypertension was 9.74% (12.51% in males and 5.82% in females). The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 44.95% (53.31% in males and 33.15% in females). In the middle-aged group, the prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension were 51.68% and 15.13%, respectively, which was higher than that in the young group (37.95% and 4.13%, respectively). The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension in 2013-2016 was 45.37% and 10.65%, respectively, which was higher than that in 2009-2012(44.52% and 8.78%). In addition, the prevalence of abnormal blood glucose metabolism, abnormal blood lipid metabolism and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in the pre-hypertension group was higher than that in the normal blood pressure group, but lower than that in the hypertension group (<0.001). A logistic regression analysis indicated that age, overweight or obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were risk factors of pre-hypertension in male. Age, overweight or obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and hyper-low density cholesterolemia were associated with hypertension in male and with pre-hypertension and hypertension in female. Middle age, overweight/obesity, elevated fasting plasma glucose, elevated triglyceride and elevated total cholesterol were risk factors of pre-hypertension and hypertension in both men and women. Intervention on the related risk factors should be conducted as early as possible.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Overweight; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 33765703
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20200817-00759 -
Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation :... May 2012
Topics: Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney Glomerulus; Male; Prediabetic State; Prehypertension
PubMed: 22431709
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs037 -
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders May 2021This study examines the socioeconomic differentials in trends in the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension and hypertension awareness, treatment, and control...
Socioeconomic differentials in trends in the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension and hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in rural Southwestern China.
BACKGROUND
This study examines the socioeconomic differentials in trends in the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension and hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in rural Southwestern China.
METHODS
Two cross-sectional interviews and health examination surveys were administered in rural Yunnan Province, including 6,350 consenting participants in 2009 and 6,359 consenting participants in 2016 (aged ≥ 35 years). Participant demographics, socioeconomic status (SES), and ethnicity, along with information about hypertension awareness, treatment, and control, were collected using similar questionnaires in the two surveys. The participants' blood pressure levels were also measured.
RESULTS
From 2009 to 2016, the prevalence of hypertension substantially increased from 28.4% to 39.5% (P < 0.01), and awareness and control rose from 42.2 and 25.8% to 53.1 (P < 0.01) and 30.6% (P < 0.05), respectively. Although people with a higher education level also had higher awareness and control rates than the lower education level ones, there were no conspicuous differences in the improvement of awareness and control between publics with different education levels over the 7 years studied. Increases were observed in both rates of awareness and control in people with a high level of income (P < 0.01). However, only the awareness rate increased in participants with a low level of income. Furthermore, the prevalence (P < 0.01) and treatment (P < 0.05) of hypertension were higher in the Han people than in ethnic minorities.
CONCLUSIONS
Individual SES has clear associations with trends in the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. Future interventions to improve hypertension prevention and control should be tailored to address individual SES.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Hypertension; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Rural Health; Social Class; Social Determinants of Health; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34039284
DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02062-x -
BMC Research Notes Jul 2012Pre-hypertension is associated with an increased risk of the development of hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular disease and raises mortality risk. The aim of this...
BACKGROUND
Pre-hypertension is associated with an increased risk of the development of hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular disease and raises mortality risk. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pre-hypertension and to explore the associations between pre-hypertension and established cardiovascular risk factors in a population-based sample of Iranian adults.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study a representative sample of 892 participants aged ≥ 30 years was selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. After completion of a detailed demographic and medical questionnaire (gender, age, history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, taking antihypertensive or hypoglycemic agents and history of smoking), all participants were subjected to physical examination, blood lipid profile, blood glucose, anthropometric and smoking assessments, during the years 2009 and 2010. Variables were considered significant at a p-value ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5 software.
RESULTS
Pre-hypertension was observed among 300 (33.7%) subjects, 36.4% for men and 31.4% for women (p > 0.05). The pre-hypertensive group had higher levels of blood glucose and triglycerides, higher body mass index and lower percentage of smoking than did the normotensive group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that obesity and overweight were the strongest predictors of pre-hypertension [odds ratio, 2.74: 95% CI (Confidence Interval), 1.62 to 4.62 p < 0.001; odds ratio, 2.56, 95% CI, 1.74 to 3.77, p < 0.001 respectively].
CONCLUSIONS
Overweight and obesity are major determinants of the high prevalence rate of pre-hypertension detected in Iranian population. Therefore, primary prevention strategies should concentrate on reducing overweight and obesity if the increased prevalence of pre-hypertension is to be diminished in Iranian adults.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Iran; Male; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22838639
DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-386