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Canadian Medical Association Journal Feb 1949
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Xenopus; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 18107860
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Endocrinologica Oct 1960
Topics: Chorion; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Gonadotropins; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic
PubMed: 13785019
DOI: 10.1530/acta.0.xxxv0261 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2016The first part of this article defines the attributes of the ideal pregnancy test and describes the direct and indirect methods for pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows... (Review)
Review
The first part of this article defines the attributes of the ideal pregnancy test and describes the direct and indirect methods for pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows that are currently available that have the potential to replace transrectal palpation. Second, this new technology must be practically integrated into a systematic on-farm reproductive management strategy and empirically demonstrated to exceed the status quo of the industry in reproductive performance. Finally a future direction for research and technology in the area of early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows is presented, and the overall conclusions of the ideas presented herein are drawn.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dairying; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Pregnancy, Animal; Reproduction; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Uterus
PubMed: 26922118
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.006 -
The Medical Journal of Australia Jun 1991
Topics: Chorionic Gonadotropin; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic
PubMed: 2046567
DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121306.x -
Journal of Medical Primatology 1976The usefulness of The Nonhuman Primate Pregnancy Test kit for diagnosis of pregnancy in chimpanzees was determined. This hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary...
The usefulness of The Nonhuman Primate Pregnancy Test kit for diagnosis of pregnancy in chimpanzees was determined. This hemagglutination inhibition test for urinary chorionic gonadotropin accurately indicated conception by positive responses in 151 to 153 specimens collected between 20 and 133 days after the estimated day of fertilization. The rate of false positive responses did not exceed 1%.
Topics: Animals; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Pan troglodytes; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests
PubMed: 1003458
DOI: 10.1159/000459955 -
American Journal of Epidemiology Aug 2020We conducted a parallel, nonblinded randomized trial to assess whether offering home pregnancy tests (HPTs) to preconception cohort study participants influenced cohort... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
We conducted a parallel, nonblinded randomized trial to assess whether offering home pregnancy tests (HPTs) to preconception cohort study participants influenced cohort retention or pregnancy detection. Pregnancy Study Online participants were female, aged 21-45 years, attempting pregnancy, and not using fertility treatment. At enrollment (2017-2018), 1,493 participants with 6 or fewer cycles of attempt time were randomly assigned with 50% probability to receive 12 Clearblue visual HPTs plus the standard protocol (n = 720) or the standard protocol alone (n = 773). Women completed bimonthly questionnaires for 12 months or until conception, whichever came first. In intent-to-treat analyses, retention (≥1 follow-up) was higher in the HPT arm (n = 598; 83%) than the standard protocol arm (n = 535 (69%); mean difference = 15%, 95% CI: 10, 19). Mean time at first pregnancy testing was identical in both arms (2 days before expected menses), as was mean gestational weeks at first positive pregnancy test (4 weeks). Conception was reported by 78% of women in the HPT arm and 75% in the standard protocol arm. Spontaneous abortion was reported by 21% in the HPT arm (mean gestational weeks = 7) and 21% in the standard protocol arm (mean gestational weeks = 6). Randomization of HPTs was associated with greater cohort retention but had little impact on incidence or timing of pregnancy detection.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Female; Humans; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Preconception Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Young Adult
PubMed: 32128561
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa027 -
Current Medical Research and Opinion Feb 2011To determine the level of agreement between the Clearblue Digital Pregnancy Test with Conception Indicator home pregnancy test and standard-of-care ultrasound in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To determine the level of agreement between the Clearblue Digital Pregnancy Test with Conception Indicator home pregnancy test and standard-of-care ultrasound in assessing pregnancy duration in a real-life, observational setting encompassing routine, clinical care.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a prospective observational study of non-pregnant women seeking conception. Women collected daily urine samples from day 1 of their next menstrual cycle. If any volunteer became pregnant, daily urine samples continued to be collected for 43 days after the LH surge. Samples from day -7 to day +28 relative to the expected period (LH surge + 15 days) were tested using the home pregnancy test. This categorised any resulting pregnancies into one of three groups: 1-2 weeks, 2-3 weeks, and 3+ weeks since conception. Information from the standard UK ultrasound dating scan was also recorded by the midwife, including the expected delivery date according to ultrasound and the expected delivery date according to LMP.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Full data were available from 52 pregnant women who had conceived naturally. During the study analysis, 4786 urine samples were cross-compared with 52 routine 12-week NHS ultrasound assessments and the level of agreement between home pregnancy testing and standard-of-care ultrasound in determining pregnancy duration was calculated.
RESULTS
The agreement between the gestational age as calculated by the home pregnancy test result and the exact midwife-recorded gestational age using ultrasound was 82.3%. However, when a ± 5-day range was applied to the ultrasound reading (as per routine UK clinical practice), the level of agreement was 98%.
CONCLUSIONS
The home pregnancy test provides a significantly high (98%) level of agreement with standard-of-care ultrasound when assessing pregnancy duration in a real-life, observational setting which closely mirrors daily clinical practice.
Topics: Adult; Chronology as Topic; Female; Gestational Age; Home Care Services; Humans; Observation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Self Care; Standard of Care; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Urinalysis; Young Adult
PubMed: 21175374
DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2010.545378 -
The Journal of Emergency Medicine 1996The rapid and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy is a necessity for emergency physicians. Physicians of the 1990s are fortunate to have available inexpensive, rapid... (Review)
Review
The rapid and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy is a necessity for emergency physicians. Physicians of the 1990s are fortunate to have available inexpensive, rapid pregnancy tests with virtually no false positives or negatives. The current basis of endocrine pregnancy tests is detection of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) in the serum or urine. The single HCG tests in combination with ultrasound, as well as serial HCGs, are also useful in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Serum progesterone, although at present not widely used in the emergency department, shows great promise as a test useful in the often difficult task of distinguishing ectopic and abnormal pregnancies from viable intrauterine pregnancies.
Topics: Algorithms; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic; Pregnancy, Ectopic
PubMed: 8655939
DOI: 10.1016/0736-4679(95)02049-7 -
Animal Reproduction Science Aug 2015The present study aimed to compare the accuracy of a commercial PAG-ELISA test (Bovine Preg Test 29) and bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein radioimmunoassay... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparison of a commercial bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein ELISA test and a pregnancy-associated glycoprotein radiomimmunoassay test for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle.
The present study aimed to compare the accuracy of a commercial PAG-ELISA test (Bovine Preg Test 29) and bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein radioimmunoassay (PAG-RIA) for diagnosing pregnancy at Day 28 after insemination in dairy cows. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) was performed in 100 Holstein-Friesian cows at Day 28 after artificial insemination (AI; Day 0) to diagnose pregnancy. After TRUS examination, blood sample was collected from the coccygeal vessels of each cow to measure the concentrations of bPAGs by PAG-RIA test and Bovine Preg Test 29. Milk samples were collected at Days 0, 21 and 28 for measurement of progesterone (P4) by ELISA test. The cows were re-examined by TRUS at Day 42 to confirm the pregnancy diagnoses. The actual gold standard was based on TRUS outcomes at Day 28 that agreed with the outcomes of PAG-RIA test or PAG-ELISA test. If the outcomes of TRUS at Day 28 and PAG-RIA test and PAG-ELISA test did not agree, the gold standard was based on the outcome of TRUS at Day 42. Out of 100 inseminated cows, 41 were confirmed pregnant at Day 28 after AI. Based on the actual gold standard, the sensitivity of TRUS, PAG-ELISA and PAG-RIA tests for diagnosing pregnant cows at Day 28 were 92.7%, 90.2% and 100%, while the specificity of the three tests for diagnosing non-pregnant cows were 91.5%, 98.3% and 94.4%, respectively. The overall accuracy of the three tests were 92%, 95% and 97%, respectively. The degree of agreement (Kappa±S.E.) between PAG-RIA and PAG-ELISA test was 0.90 ±0.04. The degrees of agreement between PAG-RIA and PAG-ELISA and TRUS at Day 28 were 0.80±0.05 and 0.76±0.06, respectively. In conclusion, the commercial PAG-ELISA test is a highly accurate method for diagnosing early pregnancy in dairy cows on Day 28 after AI and may be used as an alternative method to the TRUS and the PAG-RIA test.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoproteins; Radioimmunoassay; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 26059776
DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.05.005 -
The European Journal of Contraception &... Jun 2018Performance of urine pregnancy test in general adolescents' clinic reflects caregiver or woman's concern that there might be a pregnancy. We aimed to assess whether...
BACKGROUND
Performance of urine pregnancy test in general adolescents' clinic reflects caregiver or woman's concern that there might be a pregnancy. We aimed to assess whether young-unmarried women in whom a negative urine pregnancy test was registered would be at increased risk of a future unintended pregnancy.
METHODS
The study cohort included consecutive women drafted by the Israeli military between 2013 and 2015. The risk of unintended pregnancy was compared between women with a negative urine pregnancy test (n = 2774), the study group, and those in whom urine pregnancy test was not carried out (n = 126,659), the control group.
RESULTS
During the study period, 2147 (1.7%) women experienced an unintended pregnancy. The risk of unintended pregnancy was significantly higher in patients in whom a past pregnancy test was negative 4.3% (n = 118), as compared with the control group 1.6% (n = 2028) (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.23-3.26). In multivariate analysis history of a negative pregnancy test results was an independent predictor for a future unintended pregnancy (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.63-2.52).
CONCLUSIONS
A history of a negative pregnancy test among young conscripted women is a significant risk indicator for a future unintended pregnancy. Directed efforts should be made in this particular vulnerable group of patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Health Status; Humans; Israel; Military Personnel; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 29764233
DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2018.1465544