-
The New England Journal of Medicine Feb 2022
Topics: Clonal Hematopoiesis; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Mutation; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 35139279
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcibr2117528 -
Seminars in Oncology Feb 2016The hallmarks of premalignant lesions were first described in the 1970s, a time when relatively little was known about the molecular underpinnings of cancer. Yet it was... (Review)
Review
The hallmarks of premalignant lesions were first described in the 1970s, a time when relatively little was known about the molecular underpinnings of cancer. Yet it was clear there must be opportunities to intervene early in carcinogenesis. A vast array of molecular information has since been uncovered, with much of this stemming from studies of existing cancer or cancer models. Here, examples of how an understanding of cancer biology has informed cancer prevention studies are highlighted and emerging areas that may have implications for the field of cancer prevention research are described. A note of caution accompanies these examples, in that while there are similarities, there are also fundamental differences between the biology of premalignant lesions or premalignant conditions and invasive cancer. These differences must be kept in mind, and indeed leveraged, when exploring potential cancer prevention measures.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Epigenesis, Genetic; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genomics; Humans; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Precancerous Conditions; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 26970122
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.09.007 -
International Journal of Clinical... Feb 2011
Topics: Carcinoma in Situ; Humans; Leukoplakia, Oral; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Risk Factors; World Health Organization
PubMed: 21213010
DOI: 10.1007/s10147-010-0158-2 -
Current Urology Reports Dec 2012The spectrum of conditions affecting the penile skin is varied and ranges from simple, benign dermatoses to premalignant and malignant conditions. Recently, improved... (Review)
Review
The spectrum of conditions affecting the penile skin is varied and ranges from simple, benign dermatoses to premalignant and malignant conditions. Recently, improved understanding of the aetiology and natural history of these conditions has shaped new treatment paradigms and a functional knowledge of dermatology, urology and genitourinary medicine is required to successfully diagnose and treat these men. In this article, we explore the common precancerous states that can lead to penile carcinoma and review the recent advances with regards to the molecular basis for these dermatoses and the treatments that may be most effective for these men.
Topics: Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms; Penis; Precancerous Conditions; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 23132171
DOI: 10.1007/s11934-012-0284-7 -
British Medical Bulletin May 1975
Review
Topics: Age Factors; Erythroplasia; Humans; Leukoplakia, Oral; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Prognosis; Risk; Smoking; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 1100171
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071274 -
Liver International : Official Journal... Dec 2019Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) confer a high risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The molecular mechanisms of CCA development in PSC are incompletely... (Review)
Review
Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) confer a high risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The molecular mechanisms of CCA development in PSC are incompletely understood, but pro-oncogenic processes resulting from chronic biliary inflammation are presumably of central importance. Distinguishing benign from malignant biliary strictures in PSC patients is challenging and accurately diagnosing CCA in PSC often requires a multifaceted approach involving imaging, serological testing, biliary brush cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Lack of early detection tools leads to a late diagnosis in the majority of cases. Surgical resection or liver transplantation represent the only curative intent treatments in PSC-CCA, but is only an option for the small subset of patients where CCA is detected at an early stage. Current palliative treatment modalities result in only a modest increase in survival. Overall, PSC-CCA carries a dismal prognosis with a 5-year survival less than 20%. Advances aiming at improving strategies for early detection, treatment and surveillance of CCA will be essential to provide better future patient care for PSC patients. Herein, we review the pathogenetic mechanisms for PSC-CCA as well as strategies for diagnosing and managing premalignant and malignant stages of CCA in PSC.
Topics: Bile Duct Neoplasms; Cholangiocarcinoma; Cholangitis, Sclerosing; Humans; Population Surveillance; Precancerous Conditions; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31216595
DOI: 10.1111/liv.14180 -
Critical Reviews in Oncology/hematology Nov 2008Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) develops following two different pathways, which have their own premalignant lesions. In the absence of human papilloma virus (HPV),... (Review)
Review
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) develops following two different pathways, which have their own premalignant lesions. In the absence of human papilloma virus (HPV), vulvar SCC can develop in a background of lichen sclerosus (LS), differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) or both. The other pathway leading to vulvar SCC is associated with HPV and the HPV-associated premalignancy is usual VIN. In this review we will discuss the history, epidemiology, aetiology, histology, clinical characteristics, treatment options, malignant potential and prevention strategies of the three squamous premalignant vulvar lesions.
Topics: Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Precancerous Conditions; Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus; Vulvar Neoplasms
PubMed: 18406622
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012 -
Clinics in Plastic Surgery Apr 2005Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common sun-induced precancerous neoplasm confined to the epidermis. The AK is the initial manifestation of a continuum of clinical and... (Review)
Review
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common sun-induced precancerous neoplasm confined to the epidermis. The AK is the initial manifestation of a continuum of clinical and histologic abnormalities that progresses to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Bowen's disease, also known as squamous cell carcinoma in situ, represents early SCC confined to the epidermis. More than half of all SCCs contain p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations. Like SCCs, the vast majority of AKs and Bowen's disease lesions are asymptomatic. Each AK and suspicious lesion should be treated before it progresses to invasive SCC. Destructive modalities, such as cryosurgery using liquid nitrogen and electrodesiccation and curettage, usually performed by a dermatologist, are the mainstays of therapy.
Topics: Bowen's Disease; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Keratosis; Precancerous Conditions; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 15814119
DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2004.11.001 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2019Premalignant lesions arise from cells that abnormally proliferate and have a tendency to become cancerous. Developing methods to specifically target and remove these... (Review)
Review
Premalignant lesions arise from cells that abnormally proliferate and have a tendency to become cancerous. Developing methods to specifically target and remove these premalignant lesions is imperative to the prevention of malignant progression into gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. However, accurate detection and diagnosis of GI precancerous lesions is challenging, as these lesions show little or no structural change. Thus, this prevents early intervention and reduces the success rate of therapy. In this review, we performed a systematic analysis of the technological advancements in the combined application of nanovesicles (NVs) and the human interstitial fluid (HIF) to specifically target GI premalignant lesions. NVs, which include quantum dots (QDs), are small membranous vehicles of a nanometer diameter that are widely used as drug delivery vectors, therapeutic effectors and diagnostic sensors. HIF is the fluid that is present in human interstitial tissues (HITs) in which signaling molecules and agents travel and can be found throughout the body. HIF is exploited by tumor cells for their invasion, migration and spread. Because the HITs span the entire submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, they have been increasingly targeted in GI tumor therapy. The challenges involved in the combined application of NVs and HIF in the detection, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of GI premalignant lesions are also discussed.
Topics: Extracellular Fluid; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Nanoparticles; Precancerous Conditions; Prognosis
PubMed: 31819444
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S208559 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Jun 2018Potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions (PPOELs) are a group of clinically suspicious conditions, of which a small percentage will undergo malignant... (Review)
Review
Potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions (PPOELs) are a group of clinically suspicious conditions, of which a small percentage will undergo malignant transformation. PPOELs are suboptimally diagnosed and managed under the current standard of care. Dysplasia is the most well-established marker to distinguish high-risk PPOELs from low-risk PPOELs, and performing a biopsy to establish dysplasia is the diagnostic gold standard. However, a biopsy is limited by morbidity, resource requirements, and the potential for underdiagnosis. Diagnostic adjuncts may help clinicians better evaluate PPOELs before definitive biopsy, but existing adjuncts, such as toluidine blue, acetowhitening, and autofluorescence imaging, have poor accuracy and are not generally recommended. Recently, in vivo microscopy technologies, such as high-resolution microendoscopy, optical coherence tomography, reflectance confocal microscopy, and multiphoton imaging, have shown promise for improving PPOEL patient care. These technologies allow clinicians to visualize many of the same microscopic features used for histopathologic assessment at the point of care.
Topics: Biopsy; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Diagnosis, Oral; Diagnostic Imaging; Disease Progression; Early Detection of Cancer; Erythroplasia; Humans; Leukoplakia, Oral; Mouth Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29631985
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.02.020