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Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey Apr 1990PMS is probably a group of entities which include various symptoms that occur during the 7 to 10 days before menstruation and disappear a few hours after the onset of... (Review)
Review
PMS is probably a group of entities which include various symptoms that occur during the 7 to 10 days before menstruation and disappear a few hours after the onset of menstruation. The definition of PMS lacks objective criteria. The most common symptoms are irritability, bloating, aggressiveness, mastodynia, and headaches. The prevalence of PMS is estimated at 30 to 40 per cent. PMS is more prevalent among women working outside the home, alcoholics, women of high parity, and women with toxemic tendency; it probably runs in families. The etiology of PMS is no less obscure to us than when it was first described by Frank in 1931. No single theory has been established to explain the entire diversity of PMS symptomatology. The multitude of possible etiologic factors includes psychosocial bases, progesterone deficiency, prolactin excess, thyroid hypofunction, renin angiotensin alternations, antidiuretic hormone excess, decreased colloidosmotic pressure, endorphin activity alternations, serotonin metabolism alternations, prostaglandin action, vitamin deficiency, and such unconventional theories as the ovarian infection or the "yeast overgrowth" theory. A partial resolution of this divergence of hypotheses comes from the biopsychosocial model developed by Keye and Trunnel. According to this model, a biologic, perhaps genetically determined, predisposition to PMS is realized when past and present life experiences, attitudes, beliefs, coping styles, and social forces interact to stress a woman. The diagnosis of PMS is based on establishing a relationship between the luteal phase of the cycle and the symptoms. The evaluation of PMS patients includes the use of a monthly diary to scale the symptoms, a physical examination, and biochemical studies to rule out other disorders. Management includes education, reassurance, and drug therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Adult; Contraceptive Agents; Diet Therapy; Female; Humans; Premenstrual Syndrome; Progesterone; Psychotropic Drugs
PubMed: 2181358
DOI: 10.1097/00006254-199004000-00003 -
Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics &... Apr 2009Premenstrual symptoms are distressing for up to 20% of reproductive-aged women and are associated with impairment in interpersonal or workplace functioning for at least... (Review)
Review
Premenstrual symptoms are distressing for up to 20% of reproductive-aged women and are associated with impairment in interpersonal or workplace functioning for at least 3-8%. Typical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and the severe form, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, include irritability, anger, mood swings, depression, tension/anxiety, abdominal bloating, breast pain and fatigue. The symptoms recur monthly and last for an average of 6 days per month for the majority of the reproductive years. For women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder, the symptoms can be as disabling as major depressive disorder. It has been estimated that affected women experience almost 3000 days of severe symptoms during the reproductive years. Until two decades ago, there were no effective treatments for severe premenstrual syndrome. Even in 2000, almost three-quarters of women in the USA with premenstrual disorders either did not seek help or sought treatment unsuccessfully from at least three clinicians for over 5 years. This review will focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment outcomes, quality of life and burden of illness for premenstrual disorders.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cost of Illness; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Premenstrual Syndrome; Public Health; Quality of Life; Young Adult
PubMed: 19402804
DOI: 10.1586/erp.09.14 -
JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical... Apr 2023Premenstrual syndrome is the premenstrual disorder with wide range of prevalence world-wide leading to higher rates of work absences, higher medical expenses, and lower...
INTRODUCTION
Premenstrual syndrome is the premenstrual disorder with wide range of prevalence world-wide leading to higher rates of work absences, higher medical expenses, and lower health-related quality of life. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among medical students of a medical college.
METHODS
A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in a medical college among medical students using self-reported questionnaires based on American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists criteria for premenstrual syndrome, and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey for quality of life, from 1 January 2022 to 31 March 2022 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 207807955). Convenience sampling was used among students who met the inclusion criteria. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated.
RESULTS
Among 113 patients, premenstrual syndrome according was seen in 83 (73.45%) (82.93-83.06, 95% Confidence Interval) out of which, 56 (67.46%) showed mild premenstrual syndrome, and 27 (32.53%) had moderate premenstrual syndrome. The most commonly reported affective symptoms of premenstrual syndrome was irritability 82 (98.79%), while the somatic symptoms was abdominal bloating 63 (75.90%).
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among medical students was similar to in the other studies done in similar settings.
KEYWORDS
premenstrual syndrome; prevalence; quality of life.
Topics: Female; Humans; Students, Medical; Cross-Sectional Studies; Quality of Life; Premenstrual Syndrome; Surveys and Questionnaires; Prevalence
PubMed: 37208869
DOI: 10.31729/jnma.8136 -
Postgraduate Medicine May 1985Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a very common disorder. It is diagnosed by excluding other disorders, including psychopathology, and with use of a menstrual diary.... (Review)
Review
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a very common disorder. It is diagnosed by excluding other disorders, including psychopathology, and with use of a menstrual diary. Although the cause of PMS remains unknown, treatment is usually effective. For the majority of patients, reassurance, dietary changes, and regular exercise are all that is necessary. If this is ineffective, vitamin B6 and, if indicated, vitamin E or zinc sulfate should be added to the regimen. If therapy still is not effective, a diuretic (preferably spironolactone [Aldactone]) or natural progesterone should be added. This may also be done during the three to six months required for dietary therapy to achieve maximum effectiveness. Diuretics are less expensive, easier to use, and easier to obtain than natural progesterone, which is not widely available. If oral contraceptives are desirable for the patient, progestin-dominant pills may be tried instead of a diuretic or natural progesterone. For those patients whose symptoms are resistant to all of the aforementioned therapy, bromocriptine (Parlodel) or danazol (Danocrine) can be added to the regimen; these drugs, however, should be prescribed only by practitioners experienced in their use.
Topics: Body Weight; Diagnosis, Differential; Dietary Carbohydrates; Diuretics; Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Physical Exertion; Premenstrual Syndrome; Pyridoxine; Vitamin E
PubMed: 3887346
DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1985.11699006 -
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent... Feb 2007
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Premenstrual Syndrome
PubMed: 17289510
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2006.10.007 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Mar 1989Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has become a popular self-diagnosis. Faulty research has led to confusion about the diagnosis, epidemiologic features, causes and treatment... (Review)
Review
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has become a popular self-diagnosis. Faulty research has led to confusion about the diagnosis, epidemiologic features, causes and treatment of this disorder. There is no proof that the premenstrual period is a time of increased violence. An association between menstrually related mood disorders and other psychiatric illness is also unproven. Despite many theories no definitive cause of PMS has been established, and controlled studies of various treatments have failed to find a universally effective approach. Conservative measures involving support, diet and exercise seem to help in most cases. The use of alprazolam and mefenamic acid may help some women. Rectal or vaginal progesterone therapy has been proven ineffective and should not be used.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mood Disorders; Premenstrual Syndrome; Recurrence; Severity of Illness Index; Violence
PubMed: 2645986
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Jan 1979
Topics: Body Weight; Female; Humans; Premenstrual Syndrome
PubMed: 570439
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Sep 1983
Review
Topics: Adult; Body Fluids; Endorphins; Female; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Premenstrual Syndrome; Progesterone; Time Factors; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency
PubMed: 6352130
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) occurs recurrently during the luteal phase of a woman's menstrual cycle and disappears after menstruation ends. It is characterized by... (Review)
Review
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) occurs recurrently during the luteal phase of a woman's menstrual cycle and disappears after menstruation ends. It is characterized by abnormal changes in both the body and mood, and in certain cases, severe disruptions in daily life and even suicidal tendencies. Current drugs for treating PMS, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, do not yield satisfactory results. Orexin, a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus, is garnering attention in the treatment of neurological disorders and is believed to modulate the symptoms of PMS. This paper reviews the advancements in research on sleep disturbances, mood changes, and cognitive impairment caused by PMS, and suggests potential pathways for orexin to address these symptoms. Furthermore, it delves into the role of orexin in the molecular mechanisms underlying PMS. Orexin regulates steroid hormones, and the cyclic fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PMS. Additionally, orexin also modulates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and the inflammatory response involved in coordinating the mechanism of PMS. Unraveling the role of orexin in the pathogenesis of PMS will not only aid in understanding the etiology of PMS but also hold implications for orexin as a novel target for treating PMS.
Topics: Female; Humans; Orexins; Premenstrual Syndrome; Menstrual Cycle; Luteal Phase; Estrogens
PubMed: 38292774
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1266806 -
The Journal of Family Planning and... Jul 2009
Review
Topics: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Complementary Therapies; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Female; Humans; Premenstrual Syndrome; Prevalence; United Kingdom
PubMed: 19622211
DOI: 10.1783/147118909788708147