-
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Dec 1993
Review
Topics: Decision Trees; Estrogen Replacement Therapy; Female; Humans; Premenstrual Syndrome
PubMed: 8281092
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.307.6917.1471 -
The Nurse Practitioner Sep 1998Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent disorder that occurs in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. It is characterized by intense physical, psychologic, and... (Review)
Review
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent disorder that occurs in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. It is characterized by intense physical, psychologic, and behavioral changes that interrupt interpersonal relationships and disrupt the lives of affected women. Up to 40% of women of childbearing age have some form of PMS, and up to 10% have severe signs and symptoms. There are at least four types of PMS, each with its own constellation of signs and symptoms. Related illnesses or illnesses that need to be ruled out include diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, hypoglycemia, and primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. Difficulty in identifying the exact etiology of the disorder is documented. Diagnostic issues include confusion over exact signs and symptoms, differential diagnoses, pertinent laboratory data, careful history taking, and the importance of women recording a menstrual cycle history on a calendar. Recommended first-line treatments include a diet low in salt, fat, caffeine, and sugar; an aerobic exercise regimen; and stress reduction via changes in lifestyle.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Premenstrual Syndrome; Risk Factors
PubMed: 9778669
DOI: No ID Found -
Lancet (London, England) Feb 1998
Topics: Female; GABA Modulators; Humans; Isomerism; Pregnanolone; Premenstrual Syndrome; Progesterone
PubMed: 9482435
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78679-7 -
American Family Physician Jul 1998Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of menstrually related disorders. Premenstrual symptoms sufficient to impair daily activity and relationships are estimated... (Review)
Review
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of menstrually related disorders. Premenstrual symptoms sufficient to impair daily activity and relationships are estimated to occur in up to 40 percent of women of reproductive age, with 5 percent of these women having severe impairment. Although no single causative factor has been identified, PMS is related to ovulatory cycles and resolves at menopause. A specific diagnostic test for PMS does not exist. Treatment is based on the symptoms. Oral contraceptive agents, diuretics and antidepressants have been used successfully to relieve symptoms. Cognitive therapy may help the patient develop appropriate ways to cope with the obstacles, frustrations and discomforts of daily life. Although dietary deficiencies may be difficult to demonstrate, nutritional supplementation may result in significant improvement. Various treatments, including progesterone supplementation, vitamin B6 in high doses, alprazolam and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, are generally not recommended. A comprehensive treatment plan that encourages a healthy lifestyle may relieve symptoms in most women.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Patient Education as Topic; Premenstrual Syndrome; Teaching Materials
PubMed: 9672437
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Alternative and... Apr 2005Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder of some women during their reproductive years, characterized by a range of cyclical physical and/or mood symptoms... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder of some women during their reproductive years, characterized by a range of cyclical physical and/or mood symptoms experienced during the last few days of each menstrual cycle. Several treatment approaches have been applied, but have shown limited success, as the exact cause and pathophysiology of PMS is still not fully identified. In this paper, the etiology and pathogenesis of PMS is compared from both a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) perspective and the Western biomedicine paradigm. TCM has used herbal medicines to treat the symptoms of the premenstrual and menstrual phases for centuries. To date, very few studies on the application of TCM to PMS have applied rigorous research methods. We examine the case of PMS from each paradigm: The biomedical view and that of TCM. Similarities and differences are identified and explored, and possible treatment approaches are considered and discussed in the light of these two models.
Topics: Attitude to Health; Cultural Characteristics; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Life Style; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Menstrual Cycle; Premenstrual Syndrome; Women's Health
PubMed: 15865504
DOI: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.355 -
Therapeutische Umschau. Revue... Apr 2002The Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is defined as the repeated occurrence of psychic disability accompanied by physical symptoms such as weight-gain, mastodynia and edema...
The Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is defined as the repeated occurrence of psychic disability accompanied by physical symptoms such as weight-gain, mastodynia and edema during the luteal phase. Irritability, depressive mood, lack of concentration and anxiety are the dominant psychiatric features. These symptoms culminate during the premenstrual period and disappear at the onset of menstrual bleeding. The symptomatology is of variable degree. About 2 to 3% of all women of reproductive age are severely impaired by these symptoms. The etiology of PMS is unknown. Disturbance of serotonin metabolism in the central nervous system is discussed. Furthermore abnormalities of the metabolism of sex-steroids in the brain could be involved, since these metabolites are able to modulate the GABA-ergic system. This applies in particular to progesterone-metabolites. Other etiologic concepts favour the ideas of elevated aldosterone activity, variations of endogenous opiod-levels or transient hyperprolactinemia. Thus the unknown etiology and the complex pathophysiology explain the polypragmatic therapeutic strategies including psychotherapy, treatment with psychopharmacologic agents, administration of aldosterone-antagonists, GnRH-analoga and finally prescription of oral contraceptives. The management of PMS requires individualized care by primarily treating the leading symptoms.
Topics: Affect; Brain; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Premenstrual Syndrome; Serotonin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 12018036
DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930.59.4.183 -
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and... Jun 1993To both patients and physicians it seems natural to attribute adverse premenstrual phenomena to cyclic fluctuations of hormones produced by the ovary. This seems so... (Review)
Review
To both patients and physicians it seems natural to attribute adverse premenstrual phenomena to cyclic fluctuations of hormones produced by the ovary. This seems so plausible that, although the endocrine mechanism that causes premenstrual syndrome remains unknown, the condition itself is often treated with hormonal substances. Psychosocial factors are thus considered to be of only secondary importance. They may play a role as a contributing factor, to the 'real' cause of premenstrual syndrome they are not an essential ingredient. The aim of this review article is to examine how strong the evidence is for the possible existence of an endocrine factor as the causative agent in premenstrual syndrome. Using an epidemiological approach we conclude that the continuing search for the responsible mechanism that causes premenstrual syndrome may very well be an endocrine 'Holy Grail'. Human behavior cannot be understood within a single (hormonal) frame of reference. Cyclical ovarian activity is only one of the etiological factors in premenstrual syndrome. Unravelling the pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Topics: Causality; Endocrine System Diseases; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Ovary; Premenstrual Syndrome
PubMed: 8358530
DOI: 10.3109/01674829309084433 -
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue... Apr 1990Three categories of treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) have been proposed: those designed to correct the cause of the disorder; those designed for symptom... (Review)
Review
Three categories of treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) have been proposed: those designed to correct the cause of the disorder; those designed for symptom relief; and those aimed at eliminating the menstrual cycle. Many of these recommendations are based on poor research with loose definitions of the disorder and uncontrolled open trials. This paper reviews the literature on treatment methods with emphasis on recent random, placebo controlled, double-blind studies. The most effective current management of PMS is a conservative one including accurate diagnosis, stress control, sensible levels of diet and exercise and perhaps the use of alprazolam in the premenstrual period. Other approaches such as the use of mefenamic acid and evening oil of primrose remain unproven. Progesterone has been proven uneffective. Further research is required into the value of antidepressant medication.
Topics: Alprazolam; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Humans; Premenstrual Syndrome
PubMed: 2187582
DOI: 10.1177/070674379003500301 -
New York State Journal of Medicine Dec 1990
Topics: Female; Humans; Premenstrual Syndrome
PubMed: 2094247
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental... Feb 2014The objectives of this study were to detect the prevalence, severity and factors associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)...
The objectives of this study were to detect the prevalence, severity and factors associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) among Jordanian women, and to identify the most common self-treatment strategies used by women to alleviate the symptoms associated with PMS and/or PMDD. Data were collected from 254 women studying or working at one of the largest Jordanian governmental university using Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form (SPAF), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) research criteria for diagnosis of PMDD. The findings indicated that the prevalence of PMS and PMDD were 80.2%, 10.2% respectively. Abdominal cramp, lower back pain and breast pain were reported to be the most severe symptoms associated with PMS and PMDD. Significant correlations were found between severity of premenstrual symptoms and perceived stress level, age, body mass index, marital status, perception of health in general and absent from work. The most frequently reported self-treatment strategies used by women to alleviate PMS and PMDD symptoms were: taking analgesics, increasing hot fluids intake, wearing heavy and warm clothes, and lying down on the abdomen. Understanding the prevalence, severity and self-treatment strategies for women experiencing PMS and PMDD symptoms help in improving women's quality of life and decrease their suffering from these symptoms.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Jordan; Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder; Premenstrual Syndrome; Young Adult
PubMed: 23445531
DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12047