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The Medical Journal of Australia Feb 2014
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 24528420
DOI: 10.5694/mja13.11084 -
International Journal of Epidemiology Aug 1995This paper illustrates the basis of, expectations for and evaluation of prevention from an epidemiological perspective. Specifically, the extent to which epidemiologists... (Review)
Review
This paper illustrates the basis of, expectations for and evaluation of prevention from an epidemiological perspective. Specifically, the extent to which epidemiologists could and should be involved in designing and evaluating public health interventions is addressed. Changes in the view on disease causation and epidemiology's role for the future of public health are discussed. Examples from cardiovascular epidemiology are used to illustrate the ever more complex, but still incomplete, knowledge on which prevention is based. A few current examples illustrate paradoxes where health information must balance academic discord. Methodological problems in the evaluation of intervention studies often fail to live up to the expectations of prevention. Outcome indicators of preventive projects must be developed and traditional appraisals of effects be supplemented with process analyses using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Social conditions for prevention are discussed and areas for further research are suggested.
Topics: Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 8550260
DOI: 10.1093/ije/24.4.655 -
American Journal of Industrial Medicine Apr 2017This brief report summarizes the international literature on the effectiveness of suicide prevention programs for protective and emergency services employees. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
This brief report summarizes the international literature on the effectiveness of suicide prevention programs for protective and emergency services employees.
METHODS
A systematic search of 11 electronic databases was undertaken until June 30, 2015. Quantitative meta-analysis was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of these programs on suicide rates at post-intervention. Qualitative analyses were also used to identify program components that may be associated with reductions in suicide rates.
RESULTS
A total of 13 studies were included. Only six reported sufficient information on suicide rates to enable inclusion in quantitative analyses, however. On average, these programs were associated with an approximate halving in suicide rates over an average follow-up period of 5.25 years (SD = 4.2; range: 1-11) (Incidence Rate Ratio 0.45, 95%CI 0.31-0.65; five studies; I 14.8%). Few programs integrated activities at the primary prevention level.
CONCLUSION
A greater focus on the relatively neglected area of workplace primary prevention could further improve suicide prevention effectiveness. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:394-407, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Emergency Medical Services; Emergency Responders; Humans; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Health Services; Primary Prevention; Program Evaluation; Workplace; Suicide Prevention
PubMed: 28262959
DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22676 -
Chiropractic & Manual Therapies 2018The chiropractic vitalistic approach to the concept of 'subluxation' as a cause of disease lacks both biological plausibility and possibly proof of validity....
INTRODUCTION
The chiropractic vitalistic approach to the concept of 'subluxation' as a cause of disease lacks both biological plausibility and possibly proof of validity. Nonetheless, some chiropractors purport to prevent disease in general through the use of chiropractic care. Evidence of its effect is needed to be allowed to continue this practice. The objective of this systematic review was therefore to investigate if there is any evidence that spinal manipulations/chiropractic care can be used in primary prevention (PP) and/or early secondary prevention in diseases other than musculoskeletal conditions.
METHOD
We searched , and some specialized chiropractic journals, from inception to October 2017, using terms including: "chiropractic", "subluxation", "wellness", "prevention", "spinal manipulation", "mortality". Included were English language articles that indicated that they studied the clinical preventive t or manipulative therapy/chiropractic treatment in relation to PP and/or early treatment of physical diseases/morbidity in general, other than musculoskeletal disorders. Also, population studies were eligible. Checklists were designed in relation to the description of the reviewed articles and some basic quality criteria. Outcomes of studies were related to their methodological quality, disregarding results from those unable to answer the research questions on effect of treatment.
RESULTS
Of the 13.099 titles scrutinized, 13 articles were included (eight clinical studies and five population studies). These studies dealt with various disorders of public health importance such as diastolic blood pressure, blood test immunological markers, and mortality. Only two clinical studies could be used for data synthesis. None showed any effect of spinal manipulation/chiropractic treatment.
CONCLUSION
We found no evidence in the literature of an effect of chiropractic treatment in the scope of PP or early secondary prevention for disease in general. Chiropractors have to assume their role as evidence-based clinicians and the leaders of the profession must accept that it is harmful to the profession to imply a public health importance in relation to the prevention of such diseases through manipulative therapy/chiropractic treatment.
Topics: Chiropractic; Complementary Therapies; Humans; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Primary Prevention; Secondary Prevention; Students, Medical; Teaching
PubMed: 29632661
DOI: 10.1186/s12998-018-0179-x -
New Directions For Youth Development 2014During adolescence, teenagers try a range of risk behaviors including smoking, drinking, and the use of soft drugs. Because substance use contributes to an unhealthy... (Review)
Review
During adolescence, teenagers try a range of risk behaviors including smoking, drinking, and the use of soft drugs. Because substance use contributes to an unhealthy lifestyle of teenagers on the short term and can lead to serious health problems on the longer term, prevention in this target group is important. This chapter provides an overview of the determinants of substance use on the one hand, and primary and secondary prevention opportunities on the other hand, especially in the school context. At the end, future directions and recommendations for school, youth, and family are discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Family; Humans; Primary Prevention; Schools; Secondary Prevention; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 24753275
DOI: 10.1002/yd.20083 -
The Canadian Journal of Cardiology Oct 2018
Topics: Canada; Cardiac Rehabilitation; Cardiovascular Diseases; Congresses as Topic; Humans; Physician's Role; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 30121149
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.05.020 -
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric... Apr 2018Prevention of mental disorders is a rapidly growing area of research with substantial potential benefits for population health. This paper reviews the evidence base for... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Prevention of mental disorders is a rapidly growing area of research with substantial potential benefits for population health. This paper reviews the evidence base for prevention of depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
METHODS
We synthesized evidence from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2013 and 2018 on prevention of depression, anxiety, and first-episode psychosis. We included reviews of randomized controlled trials testing psychological, psychosocial, and pharmacological preventive interventions.
RESULTS
There is good evidence that depression and anxiety can be prevented, although effect sizes are generally small. Indicated prevention of first-episode psychosis appears promising. Economic evaluations provide support for prevention of depression, anxiety, and first-episode psychosis, but more studies evaluating costs and benefits are needed to strengthen the knowledge base, particularly regarding long-term outcomes, which include chronicity of the prevented disorder, as well as later occurence of important comorbid mental and physical health problems. Promising areas for further development include internet- or computer-based prevention strategies, mindfulness-based interventions, and integration of prevention programs within occupational settings.
CONCLUSIONS
A number of interventions to prevent mental disorders are efficacious. While intervention effect sizes are generally small for prevention of depression and anxiety, they may nonetheless be of significant population benefit. Using the growing evidence base to inform policy and dissemination of evidence-based prevention programs is critical for moving prevention science into real-world settings.
Topics: Anxiety; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Depression; Humans; Primary Prevention; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 29546492
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1501-6 -
Stroke Feb 2007
Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Lipids; Primary Prevention; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Uncertainty
PubMed: 17194879
DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000254557.17193.ab -
Nutrition Reviews Feb 2006Prevention of disease is the only method to substantially reduce morbidity and mortality in a population. The two key determinants of disease are the levels of risk... (Review)
Review
Prevention of disease is the only method to substantially reduce morbidity and mortality in a population. The two key determinants of disease are the levels of risk factors/determinants and the adherence to efficacious therapies, and there are two approaches to these: public health and preventive medicine. Clinical trials remain the cornerstone for evaluating new approaches. Effectiveness studies are required to evaluate the best approaches to deliver efficacious therapies; public health and preventive medicine programs must include the entire population, and can be costly. Environmental changes have greater benefits and a greater likelihood of reaching large segments of the population, but the preventive medicine approach is better for high-risk diseases. New risk factors and diseases evolve from the upper to lower social classes, while preventive therapies evolve from the upper to lower education groups.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Obesity; Primary Prevention; Program Evaluation; Public Health; Risk Factors
PubMed: 16532894
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00231.x -
The Medical Letter on Drugs and... Dec 2016
Topics: Age Factors; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Primary Prevention; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27906153
DOI: No ID Found