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Clinical Pediatrics Feb 2016Pediatric lead screener questions have previously been evaluated for their ability to identify children whose blood lead levels (BLLs) are greater than 10 µg/dL. Based...
OBJECTIVE
Pediatric lead screener questions have previously been evaluated for their ability to identify children whose blood lead levels (BLLs) are greater than 10 µg/dL. Based on recent policy changes stressing that there is no safe BLL for children, the current study reevaluates the screener questions for their ability to identify children with BLLs less than 2 µg/dL and the validity of the questions in positively identifying those at greater risk for exposure.
METHOD
A total of 202 parents of children enrolled in Head Start programs were administered the pediatric lead screener, questions to validate the screener questions, and children's BLLs were collected in Summer 2013. Pediatric screener questions were validated against children's BLL and the more comprehensive questions on lead risk.
RESULTS
In predicting BLL greater than 2 µg/dL, the pediatrician screener tool had a sensitivity of 26.3% and specificity of 72.2%. Each of the screener questions had low sensitivities for identifying children with BLLs above 2 µg/dL. The screener questions did not demonstrate adequate validity when compared against a more comprehensive battery of lead exposure risk indicators. The validation questions improved sensitivity to detect children with BLL >2 µg/dL and reduced the number of false positives.
CONCLUSION
The pediatrician screener questions in their current format are not a useful primary prevention tool in identifying children at greater risk for lead exposure and in need of secondary prevention through the receipt of a blood lead test. A revision to the protocol for identifying children at risk could result in better primary and secondary prevention efforts.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Early Intervention, Educational; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Male; Primary Prevention; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 25986443
DOI: 10.1177/0009922815584944 -
Circulation Journal : Official Journal... Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Coronary Artery Disease; Primary Prevention; Japan
PubMed: 38479862
DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-23-0285 -
Journal of the American Heart... Oct 2018
Review
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Health Promotion; Humans; Population Health; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 30371337
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010049 -
Gigiena I Sanitariia 2009The paper considers the state-of-the-art of adolescents' risky behavior. It is noted that there is a need for designing a more stringent conceptual apparatus and for... (Review)
Review
The paper considers the state-of-the-art of adolescents' risky behavior. It is noted that there is a need for designing a more stringent conceptual apparatus and for unifying a diagnostic approach by specialists of various profiles. There is evidence that behavioral phenomena are of different diagnostic value in the historical time range of 17 years. The aims, principles, and technologies of primary psychoprophylaxis are defined. It is concluded that it is necessary to qualitatively improve psychiatric training of pediatricians, school psychologists, and teachers.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Humans; Mental Disorders; Primary Prevention; Psychotherapeutic Processes
PubMed: 19517593
DOI: No ID Found -
Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England) May 2018
Topics: Government; Humans; Noncommunicable Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Primary Prevention; Workplace
PubMed: 29788508
DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqy041 -
"Form ever follows function. This is the law". A prevention taxonomy based on a functional typology.Adicciones 2014The universal, selective and indicated forms of prevention classification scheme has been recommended and largely adopted as an improvement on previous notions of...
The universal, selective and indicated forms of prevention classification scheme has been recommended and largely adopted as an improvement on previous notions of primary and secondary prevention. However, there is no consensus or clarity about the placing of environmental, community-based or mass media preventive interventions within this scheme. It is suggested that a new dimension of functional types of prevention, namely environmental, developmental and informational prevention should be specified alongside the forms of prevention in a taxonomy matrix, and that this is an improvement on the current one-dimensional universal, selective and indicated scheme. Moreover, it is argued that a reappraisal of mainstream prevention theories leads to a prediction of the relative effectiveness of these functional types of prevention. This prediction specifies that environmental prevention is generally more effective than developmental prevention which, in turn, is generally more effective than informational prevention.
Topics: Humans; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 24652394
DOI: No ID Found -
Gaceta Sanitaria 2017
Topics: Ethics, Pharmacy; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Marketing of Health Services; Meningococcal Vaccines; Primary Prevention; Spain
PubMed: 28162753
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.11.004 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1986Based on current knowledge, roughly one third of all cancers worldwide are preventable, and primary prevention is increasingly seen as an important cancer control...
Based on current knowledge, roughly one third of all cancers worldwide are preventable, and primary prevention is increasingly seen as an important cancer control strategy. Interventions to reduce the exposure to known causes can be effected through legislation or education, or by means of vaccination or chemoprevention. Since primary prevention actions can be costly and will compete for resources needed for other disease control activities, and since there is no guarantee that they will be successful, they should not be introduced haphazardly but on the basis of scientific evaluations. This paper presents the main principles to be followed in designing such evaluations; the illustrations often, of necessity, come from other diseases (particularly cardiovascular disease), where there is considerably more experience. Because the interventions involve changes in lifestyle and behaviour, and because a long time is necessary to observe the ultimate endpoints, controlled intervention studies against cancer present many scientific and logistical difficulties. Some interventions, such as vaccination and chemoprevention (to test suspected protective agents) may be evaluated by traditional clinical trial methodology, using intermediate as well as final (cancer incidence and/or mortality) endpoints. Active, target-directed and preferably controlled health service research studies will definitely be needed to assess community or population interventions based on legislation or education.
Topics: Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Neoplasms; Primary Prevention
PubMed: 3488847
DOI: No ID Found -
Preventive Medicine Aug 2000Preventive measures are commonly classified into primary (prevention of a disease from occurring), secondary (screening of asymptomatic persons with a view of early... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Preventive measures are commonly classified into primary (prevention of a disease from occurring), secondary (screening of asymptomatic persons with a view of early detection and treatment of disease), and tertiary (treatment of patients with a view of palliation, cure, rehabilitation, prevention of relapse, or prevention of complications). The objective of the present survey was to assess the adherence to this classification in a sample of abstracts of scientific publications.
METHOD
We searched the literature (key terms prevention and primary, secondary, or tertiary) and identified 317 abstracts describing various preventive interventions. We tabulated the level of prevention as defined in the abstract, by what was done, to whom, and why.
MAIN FINDINGS
There was a considerable variability in the way the various levels of prevention were defined in the reviewed abstracts.
CONCLUSIONS
The definitions of the levels of prevention are not specific enough to be appropriately used by all. We suggest, therefore, to define clinical interventions by their objective, target population, and type ("reduction of mortality of patients with symptomatic ventricular ectopy by beta-blockers"), rather than in terms of level of prevention ("tertiary prevention of ventricular ectopy").
Topics: Abstracting and Indexing; Bias; Humans; Preventive Medicine; Primary Prevention; Publishing; Rehabilitation; Reproducibility of Results; Semantics; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 10938216
DOI: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0689 -
IARC Scientific Publications 1990
Review
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Occupational Diseases; Occupations; Primary Prevention; Risk Factors
PubMed: 2279797
DOI: No ID Found